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UPSC Science and Technology

GRAVITY BOMBS TECHNOLOGY

The B61 is the primary United States thermonuclear gravity bomb. Recent modernization efforts, including the B61-12 Life Extension Program and the B61-13 variant, enhance weapon accuracy, safety, and security without requiring underground nuclear explosive testing.

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3D GLASS SEMICONDUCTORS EXPLAINED

India’s ₹1,943 crore Odisha unit advances technological sovereignty. Using 3D glass packaging to bypass silicon limits, it pivots India toward high-value manufacturing. Success requires overcoming supply chain gaps and talent deficits.

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James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Discovers 'Monster Stars'

Launched in 2021, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is the world's most powerful infrared observatory. It peers through cosmic dust to study the first stars, ancient galaxies, and exoplanet atmospheres, revealing the 13.5-billion-year history of the universe. 

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Strengthening CAR T-Cell Therapy

Researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay have developed a gentler method to recover lab-grown T-cells, a crucial step in CAR T-cell therapy. Using the mild enzyme Accutase instead of harsher alternatives helps improve cell survival and preserve immune function. The approach enhances the reliability and efficiency of immunotherapy production, supports cost reduction, and strengthens India’s efforts to make advanced cancer treatments more affordable and accessible.

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NATIONAL TECHNOLOGY READINESS ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK (NTRAF)

The National Technology Readiness Assessment Framework, launched by the Principal Scientific Adviser, standardises innovation evaluation using a 9-level TRL scale. Developed with Confederation of Indian Industry, it bridges the lab-to-market gap, guides evidence-based funding, and supports Anusandhan National Research Foundation in strengthening India’s deeptech ecosystem and self-reliance.

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