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UPSC GS 2

KHARG ISLAND: US-IRAN CONFLICT IN PERSIAN GULF

U.S. airstrikes on Kharg Island and the Hormuz closure have spiked oil past $100, threatening India’s macro-stability. India must expand strategic reserves, diversify suppliers, and accelerate green energy to ensure long-term economic and energy resilience.

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IMPACTS OF MIDDLE EAST GEOPOLITICAL CONFLICT ON GLOBAL AND INDIAN ECONOMIES

Expanding Middle East conflict threatens global energy and supply chains. For India, remittance shocks and inflation are critical risks. To ensure resilience, India must strengthen Strategic Petroleum Reserves, protect its diaspora, and expedite the IMEC corridor to bypass volatile routes.

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India Co-Sponsored UNSC Resolution 2817 Against Iran

By co-sponsoring UNSC Resolution 2817, India prioritised energy security and its Gulf diaspora over traditional neutrality. This "Think West" shift strengthens GCC ties through realpolitik but risks alienating Iran, potentially jeopardising the Chabahar Port and Indian interests in Eurasia.

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Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana Explained

Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana reduces healthcare costs by providing quality generic medicines at 50–80% lower prices through Jan Aushadhi Kendras. It lowers out-of-pocket expenditure, promotes women’s health via the Suvidha initiative, and supports entrepreneurship, though awareness gaps, doctor reluctance, and supply issues remain challenges.

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LEGALITY AND FEASIBILITY OF STATE-LED SOCIAL MEDIA BANS

Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh propose social media bans for children over safety concerns. The move raises constitutional issues since internet regulation lies under the Union List. Despite the IT Act 2000 and DPDP Act 2023, challenges remain in age verification, enforcement, and preventing a widening digital gender divide.

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WATER BANKRUPTCY: MEANING, CAUSES, IMPACT, CHALLENGES, WAY FORWARD

A UN report warns of “water bankruptcy,” where withdrawals exceed natural recharge. India, with 17% of the global population but 4% of freshwater, faces rising stress. Climate change and governance failures worsen crises like Bengaluru’s. Solutions include integrated water management, sponge cities, efficient irrigation, and revived harvesting systems.

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PRIVILEGE COMMITTEE EXPLAINED

Parliamentary privileges under Articles 105 and 194 protect legislators’ independence. However, their uncodified nature creates ambiguity and potential conflict with fundamental rights. The Supreme Court, overruling the P.V. Narasimha Rao case, held privileges subject to judicial review, stressing the need for codification to ensure accountability.

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Operation 'Lion's Roar' To 'Epic Fury': Battle Names In The US-Israel-Iran Conflict

The escalating standoff between Israel, Iran, and the US over nuclear advancements risks a global energy crisis via the Strait of Hormuz, necessitating urgent Indian-led mediation to restore regional stability.

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IRAN-ISRAEL CRISIS: CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD FOR INDIA

Amid rising US-Israel-Iran tensions, India adopts multi-alignment, urging de-escalation while balancing ties with all sides. The crisis threatens its 10 million diaspora, Gulf energy supplies, and projects like Chabahar Port and IMEEC. Managing this turmoil will test India’s strategic autonomy and diplomatic credibility.

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INDIA–BHUTAN COOPERATION ON TRANS-BOUNDARY RIVERS AND HYDROPOWER PROJECTS

India’s Water Resources Secretary visited Bhutan in February 2026, shifting focus from hydropower to holistic river basin management. Both sides advanced Punatsangchhu projects and strengthened Brahmaputra River flood forecasting. They addressed geological risks and GLOFs, promoting BBIN energy integration and diversified renewable cooperation.

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INDIA-ISRAEL RELATIONS: A SPECIAL STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP

Prime Minister Modi’s 2026 Israel visit upgraded ties to a Special Strategic Partnership, expanding cooperation in critical technologies and linking UPI with MASAV. India pursues strategic multialignment, balancing Israel ties with Arab interests. Reviving I2U2 and IMEC remains vital to protect diaspora and regional stability.

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DPDP Act vs RTI Act: Is the Right to Information Being Diluted?

The Supreme Court is examining Section 44(3) of the DPDP Act, 2023, which amends the RTI Act by replacing a public interest-based exemption with a blanket bar on personal information disclosure. The case weighs privacy under Puttaswamy against transparency, corruption risks, and global standards like GDPR.

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