GS Paper 3 Environment

GREEN METHANOL: IMPORTANCE & CHALLENGES

Green methanol is vital for India's 2070 net-zero goal. It reduces emissions and import dependence. Despite high costs, policies like the National Green Hydrogen Mission can make India a global leader in clean energy.

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WHAT IS DESERTIFICATION? CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

The G7 now views land degradation as a global security risk. For India, where degradation costs 2.5% of GDP, prioritizing sustainable management and UNCCD COP17 is vital. Success requires bridging international frameworks and reforming domestic policies toward climate-resilient, productive agriculture.

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THOOTHUKUDI FOSSIL DISCOVERY

Researchers in Thoothukudi discovered a Holocene fossil bed with marine remains, proving past sea-level rises. This find helps reconstruct Palaeo-environments and contextualizes Iron Age sites like Adichanallur amidst shifting coastal dynamics.

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NILGIRI TAHR: HABITAT, THREATS & CONSERVATION

The Nilgiri Tahr, Tamil Nadu's state animal, is an Endangered mountain ungulate endemic to the Western Ghats. The 2026 synchronized survey utilized the 'Varudai' app to estimate populations across fragmented shola-grassland habitats in Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

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LIGHT POLLUTION IN INDIA: CAUSES, IMPACTS, CHALLENGES, WAY FORWARD

Light pollution is the excessive or inappropriate use of outdoor artificial light. It disrupts ecosystems, affects human health by interfering with sleep-regulating hormones like melatonin, and obscures our view of the stars and the Milky Way. 

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GLOBAL LOSS AND DAMAGE FUND: ORIGINS, FEATURES, SIGNIFICANCE, CHALLENGES, WAY FORWARD

The Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage (FRLD) faces depletion by 2027, with only $448 million provided against a $400 billion annual requirement. This funding gap threatens vulnerable nations like India. Experts advocate for mandatory reparations through innovative climate taxes.

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PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES 2026: KEY AMENDMENTS, CHALLENGES, WAY FORWARD

The 2026 Plastic Waste Rules ease compliance by deferring EPR penalties but risk "greenwashing" by redefining incineration as recycling. To ensure true accountability, India must replace self-reporting with unannounced audits, integrate informal workers, and prioritize material recovery over burning plastic.

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ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE BACTERIA IN ASHTAMUDI LAKE

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) occurs when bacteria, viruses, and parasites evolve to resist medicines, making infections harder to treat. Driven by overuse of antibiotics, AMR increases risks of disease spread, severe illness, and death, threatening global public health and modern medicine. 

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FIMBRISTYLIS WAYANADENSIS: NEW PLANT SPECIES DISCOVERED IN WESTERN GHATS

Fimbristylis wayanadensis is a newly discovered species of sedge (grass-like plant) from the Wayanad district of Kerala, Western Ghats. Found in marshy grasslands, it is characterized by its unique floral structure and is currently considered endemic to this biodiversity hotspot. 

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SAND MINING IN INDIA: ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS, REGULATIONS, AND SOLUTIONS

Sand mining, driven by urbanization, threatens ecosystems like the Chambal Sanctuary. While the EMGSM 2020 guidelines aim for regulation, overcoming the "sand mafia" requires transitioning to a circular economy through satellite monitoring, fiscal incentives for M-Sand, and recycled construction waste

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DISCOVERY OF NEW NIGHT FROG SPECIES (NYCTIBATRACHUS KALI) IN THE WESTERN GHATS

Researchers discovered Nyctibatrachus kali, a cryptic night frog species, in the Kali Tiger Reserve, Karnataka. Genetically distinct by 5%, its habitat in the Dandeli-Anshi landscape underscores the central Western Ghats' biodiversity and the Kali River's ecological importance

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Earth Hour 2026: Global Climate Action

Earth Hour 2026 takes place on Saturday, March 28, from 8:30 PM to 9:30 PM local time. This global event marks the 20th anniversary of the movement, encouraging millions to switch off non-essential lights to support our planet. 

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