UPSC GS Paper 2

New START Treaty Expiry: Impact on India & World

The expiry of the New START Treaty between United States and Russia risks ending nuclear restraint, eroding transparency and weakening the NPT. China’s refusal to join talks adds complexity, while India may face pressure to reassess credible minimum deterrence, highlighting the need for multilateral risk-reduction frameworks.

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India-Bhutan Hydropower Cooperation: Challenges and Way Forward

The February 2026 energy dialogue between India and Bhutan focused on operationalising Punatsangchhu and Sankosh hydropower projects. It marked a shift toward integrated grid partnership, addressing energy deficits, debt risks, and geopolitics, with a 2040 roadmap stressing solar diversification.

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INDIA-U.S. TRADE DEAL 2026: ECONOMIC BOOM OR STRATEGIC TRAP?

The February 2026 trade deal between India and the United States cut tariffs to boost textiles and pharmaceuticals, benefiting hubs like Tiruppur. In return, India pledged reduced Russia energy imports, raising concerns over strategic autonomy and persistent steel tariff barriers.

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Village Commons: Significance, Challenges, and Way Forward

The proposal to classify village commons as a distinct land-use category aims to protect vital shared resources covering 15% of India’s land. These commons support livelihoods and biodiversity but face degradation. Legal recognition, stronger local governance, and community participation are crucial for sustainable management and long-term rural resilience.

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Re-examination of the Right to Information (RTI) Act: Economic Survey 2025-26

The Economic Survey 2025-26 suggests revisiting the RTI Act to protect policy deliberations through exemptions and possible ministerial veto. Critics argue existing Section 8 safeguards suffice and warn of dilution after the DPDP Act, urging stronger transparency via proactive disclosure and empowered Information Commissions nationwide.

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BHARAT SAMPARK: Youth-Led Governance

The BHARAT SAMPARK initiative aims to connect youth with nation-building by modernizing India Post through IT 2.0 and N-Gen Campus Post Offices. It promotes e-commerce logistics, financial inclusion, and deep-tech adoption like the Tactile Internet, creating participative governance powered by youth for future-ready institutions.

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MINISTRY OF LABOUR & EMPLOYMENT YEAR END REVIEW 2025

The Ministry of Labour & Employment's 2025 review highlights a paradigm shift in India's labour landscape. Four new Labour Codes have been operationalized, consolidating 29 laws to simplify compliance, enhance worker welfare, and promote gender justice. To boost job creation, the Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana (PMVBRY) was launched with a massive outlay. 

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Menstrual Health as a Fundamental Right: Supreme Court Judgement

The Supreme Court ruled that menstrual health and hygiene in schools is part of the right to life and dignity under Article 21. It linked poor MHM to inequality and school dropouts, directing schools to provide free sanitary pads, proper toilets, and awareness education to remove stigma.

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NITI Aayog launched ‘Sampoornata Abhiyan 2.0’ To Bridge Rural-Urban Development Gap

NITI Aayog’s Sampoornata Abhiyan 2.0 is a mission-mode push to achieve 100% saturation in 11 indicators across Aspirational Districts and Blocks. Rooted in Antyodaya, it shifts from incremental gains to last-mile delivery, strengthening equity, governance, and inclusive development.

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EU’S REGULATORY REGIME IS INDIA’S BIGGEST CHALLENGE

The India–EU FTA promises tariff gains but faces stiff non-tariff barriers like CBAM, EUDR, and CSDDD, raising compliance costs for Indian exporters, especially MSMEs. To prevent green protectionism from eroding benefits, India must push mutual recognition, strengthen domestic capacity, and build global coalitions for a fair partnership.

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TomTom Index 2025: Decoding India's Traffic Crisis & Way Forward

The TomTom Traffic Index 2025 exposes India’s deepening urban mobility crisis, with Bengaluru and Kolkata among the world’s slowest cities. Car-centric growth, weak public transport, and poor planning drive economic and health losses, demanding a shift to people-centric mobility via public transport, congestion pricing, and Transit-Oriented Development.

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Bactrian Camel: Features, Habitat, IUCN Status

The appearance of Bactrian camels Galwan and Nubra at the Republic Day Parade reflects their journey from Silk Road trade carriers to strategic assets for the Indian Army in Ladakh. Their revival highlights the value of indigenous biodiversity for heritage, livelihoods, and national security.

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