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UPSC GS Paper 2

UNEP SAFE DISPOSAL OF UNUSED MEDICINES REPORT

A recent UNEP report warns that 50% of household medicines become waste, driving Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). To combat this, India is implementing NAP-AMR 2.0 and Kerala’s nPROUD initiative, focusing on One Health, Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), and precise prescriptions for a sustainable future. 

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STATEHOOD FOR LADAKH: CONSTITUTIONAL HURDLES AND WAY FORWARD

After Article 370’s abrogation, Ladakh faces demands for statehood, Sixth Schedule status, and greater representation due to governance and identity concerns. A balanced solution lies in Article 371 protections and stronger devolution to Hill Councils while addressing strategic and administrative challenges.

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INDIA'S DIPLOMATIC TIGHTROPE: MEDIATING THE WEST ASIA CRISIS IN AN EXPANDED BRICS

As the 2026 BRICS Chair, India has transitioned from a passive observer to a proactive mediator in the West Asia crisis. Navigating the 11-member bloc, India leverages its "Link West" policy to facilitate consensus through the Sherpa channel. Its role is critical in stabilizing global energy supply chains—particularly the Strait of Hormuz—while balancing strategic ties with the U.S. and the Global South.

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TRANSGENDER PERSONS (PROTECTION OF RIGHTS) AMENDMENT BILL 2026

The 2026 Amendment Bill replaces gender self-identification with mandatory medical certification, sparking debate. While the government aims to prevent fraud, activists argue it violates the NALSA judgment. Critics fear medical gatekeeping will further marginalize the community, urging rights-based autonomy.

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SUPREME COURT DIRECTS 'NO-FAULT' COMPENSATION FOR VACCINE ADVERSE EVENTS

The Supreme Court directed the Centre to create a no-fault compensation policy for severe COVID-19 vaccine injuries under Article 21. This framework bypasses litigation, providing swift redressal through a Vaccine Injury Trust Fund. It ensures a socio-economic safety net, maintains public trust, and strengthens future pandemic preparedness

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REMOVAL OF THE CHIEF ELECTION COMMISSIONER EXPLAINED

A motion to remove Chief Election Commissioner over alleged partisan conduct in the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) has raised concerns about the independence of the Election Commission of India. The issue revives debates on electoral reforms and the 2023 change in the appointment process.

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WHAT IS US SECTION 301 PROBE ON INDIA? EXPLAINED

The US launched a Section 301 investigation against India, claiming schemes like PLI create excess capacity harming US industries. Bypassing the WTO, it threatens Make in India through possible tariffs. India must respond via diplomacy, WTO action, trade diversification, and stronger domestic manufacturing.

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BALIRAJGARH FORT: REMAINS OF ANCIENT FORT OF GARH

The Archaeological Survey of India has approved fresh excavations at Balirajgarh fort in Bihar, believed to be ancient Mithila’s capital. The move highlights decades of neglect, exposing systemic issues in heritage management such as resource shortages, procedural delays, centralization, and lost socio-economic potential from poor conservation.

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WOMEN IN POLITICS: GLOBAL CHALLENGE

Global data from UN Women and IPU shows stagnation in women’s political representation due to structural barriers and weak political will. India has strong local participation via panchayat reservations, but low national representation. Effective implementation of Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam and global quota lessons is vital.

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SUPREME COURT REDEFINED THE OBC 'CREAMY LAYER' RULE

The Supreme Court ruled that parental income alone cannot decide OBC ‘creamy layer’ status. The exclusion must be status-based, not purely income-based, and salary or agricultural income should not be counted. The judgment corrects discrimination and aligns reservation rules with the original 1993 DoPT guidelines.

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INDIA'S WEST ASIA STRATEGY: BALANCING US, IRAN, AND NATIONAL INTERESTS

India’s West Asia policy follows issue-based alignment, not full U.S. alignment. It cooperates with Washington on initiatives like IMEC and I2U2, while maintaining ties with Iran (Chabahar) and supporting a two-state Palestine solution, prioritizing energy security, diaspora welfare, trade, and strategic autonomy.

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INDIA-NEPAL RELATIONS: SIGNIFICANCE, CHALLENGES, WAY FORWARD

Nepal’s March 2026 elections brought a major political shift as the youth-led Rastriya Swatantra Party won decisively amid anti-corruption protests. For India, this opens scope to revive its Neighborhood First policy through deeper connectivity, democratic cooperation, and cultural ties despite border issues and China’s influence.

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