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UPSC GS Paper 2

INDIA-SOUTH KOREA RELATIONS: EVOLUTION, SIGNIFICANCE, CHALLENGES, WAY FORWARD

India and South Korea target $50 billion in trade by 2030 through semiconductor and defense collaboration. However, a $15 billion deficit and stalled CEPA talks persist. To succeed, they must rebalance trade, accelerate deep-tech co-innovation, and align strategic Indo-Pacific goals.

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EXERCISE DUSTLIK 2026: INDIA-UZBEKISTAN DEFENCE TIES

Exercise DUSTLIK is an annual bilateral military exercise between India and Uzbekistan. It focuses on enhancing interoperability and sharing best practices for counter-terrorism operations in semi-urban and mountainous terrain under a UN mandate. The 2026 edition is the seventh iteration of the series.

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TRANSGENDER AMENDMENT BILL 2026 EXPLAINED

The 2026 Bill replaces self-identification with medical verification, sparking a constitutional clash. While the state aims to regulate welfare and prevent abuse, critics argue this violates the NALSA judgment and the fundamental right to personal autonomy under Article 21. 

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Diego Garcia: Map, Military Base, Location

Diego Garcia is a strategic coral atoll in the Indian Ocean's Chagos Archipelago. Part of the British Indian Ocean Territory, it hosts a major U.S. military base. Its history is marked by the controversial 1970s forced removal of native Chagossians. 

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SUPREME COURT RULING ON SCHEDULED CASTE STATUS AND RELIGIOUS CONVERSION

The Supreme Court reaffirms Scheduled Caste status is restricted to Hindus, Sikhs, and Buddhists, citing its link to historical untouchability. This creates a disparity with religion-neutral ST status, leaving the inclusion of Dalit converts dependent on the Balakrishnan Commission’s findings

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JAL SEVA AANKALAN: RURAL WATER GOVERNANCE

The Jal Seva Aankalan shifts focus from infrastructure to high-quality service delivery through digital assessment. By empowering Gram Panchayats and fostering Jan Bhagidari, it addresses operational gaps, though success depends on overcoming capacity deficits and ensuring sustainable groundwater management.

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NIPAH VIRUS OUTBREAK IN KERALA EXPLAINED

India is tackling lethal Nipah outbreaks by shifting from reactive responses to One Health integration, utilizing BSL-3 labs and surveillance to counter ecological disruptions, aiming to bridge institutional gaps for stronger, systemic grassroots resilience.

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UNEP SAFE DISPOSAL OF UNUSED MEDICINES REPORT

A recent UNEP report warns that 50% of household medicines become waste, driving Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). To combat this, India is implementing NAP-AMR 2.0 and Kerala’s nPROUD initiative, focusing on One Health, Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), and precise prescriptions for a sustainable future. 

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STATEHOOD FOR LADAKH: CONSTITUTIONAL HURDLES AND WAY FORWARD

After Article 370’s abrogation, Ladakh faces demands for statehood, Sixth Schedule status, and greater representation due to governance and identity concerns. A balanced solution lies in Article 371 protections and stronger devolution to Hill Councils while addressing strategic and administrative challenges.

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INDIA'S DIPLOMATIC TIGHTROPE: MEDIATING THE WEST ASIA CRISIS IN AN EXPANDED BRICS

As the 2026 BRICS Chair, India has transitioned from a passive observer to a proactive mediator in the West Asia crisis. Navigating the 11-member bloc, India leverages its "Link West" policy to facilitate consensus through the Sherpa channel. Its role is critical in stabilizing global energy supply chains—particularly the Strait of Hormuz—while balancing strategic ties with the U.S. and the Global South.

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TRANSGENDER PERSONS (PROTECTION OF RIGHTS) AMENDMENT BILL 2026

The 2026 Amendment Bill replaces gender self-identification with mandatory medical certification, sparking debate. While the government aims to prevent fraud, activists argue it violates the NALSA judgment. Critics fear medical gatekeeping will further marginalize the community, urging rights-based autonomy.

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SUPREME COURT DIRECTS 'NO-FAULT' COMPENSATION FOR VACCINE ADVERSE EVENTS

The Supreme Court directed the Centre to create a no-fault compensation policy for severe COVID-19 vaccine injuries under Article 21. This framework bypasses litigation, providing swift redressal through a Vaccine Injury Trust Fund. It ensures a socio-economic safety net, maintains public trust, and strengthens future pandemic preparedness

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