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UPSC GS Paper 2

SMALL MODULAR REACTORS: MEANING SIGNIFICANCE, CHALLENGES, WAY FORWARD

Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), with up to 300 MWe capacity, enable rapid, flexible, factory-built clean power. Despite higher costs, they offer fast deployment, reliable baseload, and emissions-free energy, supporting India’s decarbonization, energy security, and global climate goals.

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WHAT IS MANKI-MUNDA SYSTEM? EXPLAINED

The Manki-Munda system, rooted in Ho tribal traditions of Jharkhand’s Kolhan, features hereditary Mundas and Mankis managing disputes and governance. Codified by the British in 1837, it endures today, balancing customary law, tribal identity, and democratic Panchayati Raj institutions.

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INDIA IN AN UNCERTAIN WORLD: CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD

India is transitioning from passive non-alignment to pragmatic multi-alignment, prioritizing strategic autonomy and national interest. Drawing on civilizational wisdom and modern realpolitik, it leverages economic and diplomatic strengths to navigate a multipolar world and assert its global influence.

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WHAT ARE PERSONALITY RIGHTS? EXPLAINED

Personality rights safeguard an individual's unique identity, including privacy and publicity rights. Despite lacking a dedicated law, a robust framework has evolved through judicial rulings. The rise of AI and deepfake technology presents challenges, making it a critical area for legislative action.  

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SUPREME COURT'S STAND ON AADHAAR & ELECTORAL PROCESSES EXPLAINED

The Supreme Court has ruled that Aadhaar, a voter ID system, is a valid proof of identity but not citizenship, following a petition for voter list revision in Bihar. The ruling upholds the voluntary nature of the Aadhaar-Voter ID link, ensuring privacy and preventing disenfranchisement, demonstrating judicial oversight.

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Social Media Regulation: Challenges and Way Forward

The digital age has revolutionized communication, commerce, and public discourse, but also brought challenges like misinformation, hate speech, and data privacy. India's social media regulation, governed by the Information Technology Act, 2000, has been amended to introduce accountability and self-regulation. The Nepal incident underline the global challenge of creating effective, proportionate, and respectful regulatory frameworks.

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NATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL RANKING FRAMEWORK (NIRF) EXPLAINED

The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) Rankings 2025 ranks colleges and universities based on teaching & learning, research, graduation outcomes, outreach & inclusivity, and peer perception. However, challenges like fake data, peer perception issues, and global gaps need to be addressed to strengthen the system.

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KATCHATHEEVU DISPUTE : BACKGROUND, CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD

Katchatheevu island, a small uninhabited island in the Palk Strait, is a contentious issue in India-Sri Lanka relations, particularly for Tamil Nadu fishermen who lost access to traditional fishing grounds. The dispute highlights the complex interplay of history, international law, and domestic politics.

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AI in Health: India Joins Health AI Global Regulatory Network (GRN)

India has joined the Health AI Global Regulatory Network (GRN), an international platform for health regulators, to ensure the safe and effective use of AI in healthcare. The collaboration, led by ICMR-NIRDHDS and IndiaAI, will facilitate sharing of best practices and safety protocols, accelerating the safe integration of AI tools.

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PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE TRIBAL GROUPS (PVTGs)

Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) face unique challenges like declining populations and economic backwardness. The government is pushing for a separate census enumeration to better implement targeted schemes like PM-JANMAN, aiming to improve their socio-economic condition

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INDIAN CITIES : POWERING INDIA'S GREEN REVOLUTION

Indian cities are using clean energy like solar power, electric buses, and smart systems to grow in a green way. There are problems like inadequate funds and skills, but if the government, companies, and people work together, cities can save energy and grow without harming nature.

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SHOULD RESERVATIONS EXCEED THE 50%?

The 50% reservation ceiling, set by Indra Sawhney (1992), faces scrutiny as judicial rulings like Janhit Abhiyan (2022) and Davinder Singh (2024) highlight tensions between formal and substantive equality. With unfilled vacancies and benefit concentration, a national caste census and sub-categorization are needed to ensure equitable representation.

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