UPSC GS Paper 2

EXAMINATION OF INDIA'S CITIZENSHIP LAWS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES

Democracy faces a paradox when majority mandate overrides constitutional morality. Majoritarian excess weakens minority rights, erodes the Rule of Law, and triggers democratic backsliding. True sovereignty flows not only from votes, but from the State’s firm commitment to the Basic Structure and equal justice.

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INDIA OPENS NUCLEAR SECTOR TO PRIVATE PLAYERS : CHALLENGES & WAY FORWARD

India plans to open civil nuclear power to private players to reach 100 GW by 2047. The shift aims to ease financing gaps and speed up projects. Progress depends on removing hurdles in the CLND Act and amending the Atomic Energy Act through the proposed 2025 Bill.

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SUJALAM BHARAT SUMMIT 2025: INDIA'S ROADMAP TO WATER SECURITY

The Sujalam Bharat Summit 2025 seeks a unified national plan to tackle India’s water crisis. Led by the Jal Shakti Ministry, it sets five priorities across river revival, greywater use, and technology. A whole-of-government approach aims to fix governance gaps and scale community-driven solutions for water security.

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TAIWAN'S T- DOME SYSTEM EXPLAINED

Taiwan is investing US$40 billion in T-DOME, an indigenous multi-layered air defence system central to its Porcupine Strategy. Built by NCSIST, it counters missiles, jets, and drones, boosts deterrence and self-reliance, reassures allies, and shapes Indo-Pacific stability, though it may intensify regional militarisation.

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G20 Johannesburg Summit: Solidarity, Equality and Sustainability

The 2025 Johannesburg G20, the first hosted in Africa, brings a Global South troika of India, Brazil, and South Africa. It offers a chance to embed developing-country priorities as India advances IMEC, the Biofuel Alliance, DPI, and MDB reforms. Success depends on concrete progress on debt, climate finance, and development.

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UNSC approves Trump's Plan for Gaza

The UNSC’s late-2025 adoption of a US plan for Gaza shifts from immediate statehood to a security-first, economy-driven roadmap with temporary administration, demilitarization-linked aid, and expanded Abraham Accords. India must balance its two-state stance with strategic ties. Success depends on Palestinian consent, security, and sustained global backing.

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WHAT IS PASSPORT SEVA PROGRAMME(PSP) EXPLAINED?

The MEA has launched Passport Seva Programme V2.0, a modernised passport system built using AI, cloud architecture, and microservices. It introduces ICAO-compliant ePassports with biometric chips to boost security, reduce fraud, support Digital India, and deliver faster, more efficient citizen services.

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COMPETITIVE FEDERALISM: HOW INTER-STATE RIVALRY IS RESHAPING INDIA'S ECONOMY

Indian federalism is competitive, with states vying for investment through reforms encouraged by NITI Aayog indices. This boosts innovation but risks regional inequality and unsustainable incentives. A balanced cooperative-competitive model is needed to pair healthy rivalry with equitable, sustainable national development.

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ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA (ECI) MANDATE FREE BROADCAST TIME

The Election Commission of India allocates fair broadcast time on Doordarshan and All India Radio to recognized parties, based on performance, ensuring balanced voter access. Rooted in the Representation of the People Act, 1951, this upholds fairness, equality, and democratic principles.

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INDIA–BRAZIL RELATION: STATUS, SIGNIFICANCE, CHALLENGES, WAY FORWARD

India and Brazil’s strategic partnership strengthens South-South cooperation through defense, space, and trade collaboration. Targeting $20 billion bilateral trade by 2030 via the India-Mercosur PTA, both nations pursue balanced growth, multilateral engagement, and diversified sectors to build a resilient, future-oriented, and mutually beneficial relationship.

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NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR MINORITIES (NCM): SIGNIFICANCE, CHALLENGES, WAY FORWARD

The Delhi High Court has directed the Central Government to respond to a PIL highlighting that all posts in the National Commission for Minorities (NCM) remain vacant. Stressing the NCM’s crucial role in protecting minority rights, the court urged the government to expedite appointments to ensure the commission functions effectively.

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MAITRI-II PROJECT: INDIA’S NEW ANTARCTIC RESEARCH STATION

India will build Maitri-II to replace the three-decade-old Maitri station, boosting polar and climate research. Equipped with advanced facilities and managed by NCPOR, it reinforces India’s Antarctic Treaty commitment, scientific leadership, and active role in global environmental monitoring and exploration.

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