UPSC GS Paper 2

FIGHTING THE DOUBLE BURDEN: HOW SCHOOLS CAN ERADICATE MALNUTRITION

Adolescent malnutrition in India presents a "double burden" of persistent stunting alongside rising obesity and metabolic risks. Addressing this requires transforming schools into health hubs via improved PM POSHAN meals, strict junk-food regulations, community participation, and localized nutritional education programs.

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INDIA–CHINA COOPERATION AND THE ASIAN CENTURY: OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS

The realization of the Asian Century relies heavily on India and China effectively managing their relationship. Despite facing severe border conflicts and massive trade imbalances, both nations cooperate pragmatically within BRICS to reform global governance and lead the Global South.

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AIR SUVIDHA 2.0: INDIA'S DIGITAL HEALTH SCREENING PLATFORM FOR INTERNATIONAL TRAVELLERS

India launches AIR SUVIDHA 2.0 to conduct real-time, contactless health screening of international passengers. Driven by the WHO's declaration of the Bundibugyo Ebola outbreak as a global emergency, the portal captures 21-day travel histories to seamlessly intercept infected travelers at entry points.

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INDIA–CHINA COMPETITION IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH EXPLAINED

India and China are actively competing for leadership of the Global South. While China uses massive infrastructure financing and debt diplomacy via the BRI, India leverages capacity building, Digital Public Infrastructure, and democratic governance to offer a transparent development alternative.

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PRAGATI PLATFORM: PRO-ACTIVE GOVERNANCE AND TIMELY IMPLEMENTATION

The PRAGATI platform, an ICT-based multi-modal system chaired by the Prime Minister, accelerates stalled mega-infrastructure projects and resolves citizen grievances. Utilizing geo-spatial tech and video-conferencing, it strengthens cooperative federalism, recently fast-tracking ₹30,000 crore projects in its 52nd meeting.

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CRIMINALIZATION OF POLITICS IN INDIA: CAUSES, CONSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES, JUDICIAL REFORMS AND WAY FORWARD

The criminalization of politics severely threatens democratic integrity by embedding money and muscle power within legislatures. Driven by judicial delays, expensive elections, and vote-bank politics, tackling this menace requires immediate disqualification norms, fast-track courts, state funding, and awakened voter participation.

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TELEGRAM AND DIGITAL SECURITY: CHALLENGES OF ENCRYPTED PLATFORMS IN PREVENTING PAPER LEAKS

The Indian government temporarily restricted Telegram and disabled its message-editing feature to curb massive cyber fraud related to the NEET-UG paper leaks. The crisis highlights the urgent tension between End-to-End Encryption (E2EE), platform accountability under IT Rules 2021, and the "going dark" challenge for law enforcement.

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TENTH SCHEDULE AND PARTY MERGERS: ANTI-DEFECTION LAW AND LEGISLATIVE STABILITY

The Anti-Defection Law (Tenth Schedule) penalizes legislators for switching parties, targeting political instability. However, ambiguous drafting in Paragraph 4 allows mass defections under the guise of "mergers." Reforming Speaker adjudication and limiting whips are critical for safeguarding democratic mandates.

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AADHAAR AS IDENTITY PROOF, NOT CITIZENSHIP PROOF: CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ISSUES

The Supreme Court is currently examining the misuse of Aadhaar as proof of citizenship and age. Governed strictly by the Aadhaar Act 2016, Aadhaar merely establishes resident identity for subsidies but legally cannot determine Indian citizenship, domicile, or date of birth.

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UK BAN SOCIAL MEDIA ACCESS FOR CHILDREN UNDER 16: RATIONALE, CHALLENGES AND GLOBAL DEBATE

The UK government announced a comprehensive social media ban for children under 16. Aimed at curbing severe algorithmic harm, cyberbullying, and screen addiction, the policy forces platforms to use strict age verification, sparking intense global privacy debates.

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INDIAN SEAFARERS IN THE GULF: CHALLENGES, LEGAL PROTECTION AND MARITIME SECURITY CONCERNS

The 2026 Strait of Hormuz crisis threatens India's energy security and the lives of Indian seafarers in the Gulf. In response, India escalated diplomatic protests, issued safety circulars, and deployed naval task forces under Operations Sankalp and Urja Suraksha.

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PCPNDT ACT: SUPREME COURT CALLS FOR STRICT ENFORCEMENT AGAINST SEX SELECTION

The PCPNDT Act 1994 prohibits sex selection to combat female foeticide and declining child sex ratios in India. Despite census improvements, the Supreme Court demands strict enforcement and meticulous record-keeping to eradicate deep-seated patriarchal biases and protect the girl child.

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