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GS Paper 2

NATIONAL YOUTH POLICY 2026: HARNESSING INDIA’S DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND

NYP 2026 leverages the MY Bharat platform to drive Viksit Bharat 2047, addressing unemployment through experiential skilling and data-driven governance. By focusing on outcome-oriented pillars and localized monitoring, it transforms India's youth into engines of sustainable national development.

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NITI AAYOG REPORT ON AYUSHMAN BHARAT: CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD

Despite PMJAY’s cashless promise, high out-of-pocket expenditure and private sector gaps persist; achieving true Universal Health Coverage requires increasing public health funding to 2.5% of GDP, stricter private healthcare regulation, and adopting centralized, efficient medicine procurement models.

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TRIBAL HOMESTAYS IN INDIA: CHALLENGES, CASE STUDIES, AND WAY FORWARD

The Ministry of Tribal Affairs is driving inclusive development by promoting community-led tribal homestays through schemes like DAJGUA and PM-JANMAN. By addressing infrastructure gaps and regulatory hurdles, this model aims to preserve culture, curb migration, and create self-sustaining economic engines.

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SVAMITVA SCHEME: DIGITIZING RURAL LAND RECORDS

SVAMITVA uses drone technology to map rural Abadi lands, providing villagers with legal property cards. This empowers owners to access bank loans, reduces boundary disputes, and boosts Panchayat revenue. Despite data and legacy challenges, it’s a vital step toward rural economic digital transformation.

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MODEL CODE OF CONDUCT (MCC): EVOLUTION, PROVISIONS, CHALLENGES, WAY FORWARD

The Model Code of Conduct, enforced by the Election Commission of India under Article 324, ensures fair elections. Addressing challenges like deepfakes and misuse of resources requires stronger ECI powers, digital monitoring, and implementing key Law Commission recommendations for effective enforcement.

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UNCLOS, SOLAS, and MARPOL Explained: Global Maritime Laws

UNCLOS establishes "laws of the sea," defining territorial boundaries and resource rights. SOLAS sets essential safety standards for ship construction, equipment, and operation. MARPOL focuses on environmental protection, strictly regulating pollution from oil, chemicals, and sewage. 

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MENSTRUAL LEAVE POLICY: A RIGHT OR A RISK FOR INDIAN WOMEN?

The Supreme Court warned that mandatory paid menstrual leave, though supporting women’s dignity under Article 21, may discourage hiring and worsen India’s low female workforce participation. A balanced approach with flexible work, stronger leave policies, and destigmatization is considered more practical than a rigid law.

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POVERTY ESTIMATION IN INDIA: CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD

India’s poverty debate contrasts 5.3% extreme poverty with 23.9% economic vulnerability using World Bank benchmarks. The government now emphasizes the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) over old monetary lines. Experts argue MPI should complement income measures, calling for better data, accountability, and a transparent policy dashboard.

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INDIA-FINLAND STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP EXPLAINED

India and Finland upgraded ties to a Strategic Partnership in Digitalization and Sustainability after the Finnish President’s visit. Cooperation will expand in 6G, AI, quantum computing, and circular economy initiatives. Both aim to double trade by 2030, support mobility partnerships, and advance India’s Viksit Bharat 2047 vision.

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INDIA JOIN TRUMP’S BOARD OF PEACE: STRATEGIC BALANCING OR DIPLOMATIC NECESSITY?

India joins the US-led Board of Peace as an Observer, practicing strategic hedging. It safeguards trade and technology ties under Pax Silica while upholding UN centrality. With Pakistan as a member, India balances risks of bypassing multilateral norms and protects interests in West Asia and governance.

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India–EU FTA: opportunities, challenges and strategic significance

The India - EU Free Trade Agreement is a landmark trade pact between India and the European Union that aims to deepen economic ties through extensive tariff reductions, expanded services access, and improved investment flows. The EU will provide preferential access covering nearly all of India’s export value, benefiting labour-intensive sectors such as textiles, leather, and marine products, while also opening opportunities in IT and professional services. At the same time, India will gradually lower tariffs on a large share of EU goods with safeguards for sensitive sectors. However, strict EU regulatory standards, sustainability norms, and carbon-related measures remain key challenges that could limit gains unless Indian industries upgrade compliance capacity. Overall, the agreement strengthens India’s integration with a major global market while requiring domestic reforms to fully realize its benefits.

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France is Banning Social Media for Kids Under 15 Years

France’s National Assembly has cleared a bill banning social media for under-15s, mandating age verification by platforms like TikTok and Instagram under Arcom’s oversight. Aligned with the Digital Services Act, it tackles youth mental health risks but highlights privacy and tech challenges, offering lessons for India.

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