GS Paper 2

SHE-MART INITIATIVE : TRANSFORMING RURAL WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

The SHE-MART initiative, launched by the Ministry of Rural Development, transforms rural women from micro-credit earners to enterprise owners. It bridges market gaps for SHGs through community-owned, professionally managed retail hubs, boosting the national Lakhpati Didi mission.

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INDIA-NORDIC SUMMIT 2026: STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP

The India-Nordic Summit transforms historical cultural ties into a robust strategic alliance focusing on green technology, the blue economy, and Arctic security. This partnership offers India crucial clean innovation, sovereign investments, and supply chain resilience in a multipolar world.

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VIKSIT BHARAT G RAM G ACT 2025: KEY FEATURES & DIFFERENCES FROM MGNREGA

The new VB-G RAM G Act to replace MGNREGA on July 1, 2026, guaranteeing 125 days of rural employment. It shifts to a strict 60:40 Centre-State funding model, mandates an agricultural pause, and prioritizes digital governance and durable rural asset creation.

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AI IN LAW ENFORCEMENT: SIGNIFICANCE, CHALLENGES, WAY FORWARD

Gujarat Police launched NARIT AI, India’s first RAG-powered tool for NDPS investigations. It boosts prosecutions by providing procedural checklists and predicting defense arguments. This shift toward proactive law enforcement aims to eliminate documentation errors and counter sophisticated drug trafficking.

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NATIONAL YOUTH POLICY 2026: HARNESSING INDIA’S DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND

NYP 2026 leverages the MY Bharat platform to drive Viksit Bharat 2047, addressing unemployment through experiential skilling and data-driven governance. By focusing on outcome-oriented pillars and localized monitoring, it transforms India's youth into engines of sustainable national development.

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NITI AAYOG REPORT ON AYUSHMAN BHARAT: CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD

Despite PMJAY’s cashless promise, high out-of-pocket expenditure and private sector gaps persist; achieving true Universal Health Coverage requires increasing public health funding to 2.5% of GDP, stricter private healthcare regulation, and adopting centralized, efficient medicine procurement models.

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TRIBAL HOMESTAYS IN INDIA: CHALLENGES, CASE STUDIES, AND WAY FORWARD

The Ministry of Tribal Affairs is driving inclusive development by promoting community-led tribal homestays through schemes like DAJGUA and PM-JANMAN. By addressing infrastructure gaps and regulatory hurdles, this model aims to preserve culture, curb migration, and create self-sustaining economic engines.

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SVAMITVA SCHEME: DIGITIZING RURAL LAND RECORDS

SVAMITVA uses drone technology to map rural Abadi lands, providing villagers with legal property cards. This empowers owners to access bank loans, reduces boundary disputes, and boosts Panchayat revenue. Despite data and legacy challenges, it’s a vital step toward rural economic digital transformation.

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MODEL CODE OF CONDUCT (MCC): EVOLUTION, PROVISIONS, CHALLENGES, WAY FORWARD

The Model Code of Conduct, enforced by the Election Commission of India under Article 324, ensures fair elections. Addressing challenges like deepfakes and misuse of resources requires stronger ECI powers, digital monitoring, and implementing key Law Commission recommendations for effective enforcement.

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UNCLOS, SOLAS, and MARPOL Explained: Global Maritime Laws

UNCLOS establishes "laws of the sea," defining territorial boundaries and resource rights. SOLAS sets essential safety standards for ship construction, equipment, and operation. MARPOL focuses on environmental protection, strictly regulating pollution from oil, chemicals, and sewage. 

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MENSTRUAL LEAVE POLICY: A RIGHT OR A RISK FOR INDIAN WOMEN?

The Supreme Court warned that mandatory paid menstrual leave, though supporting women’s dignity under Article 21, may discourage hiring and worsen India’s low female workforce participation. A balanced approach with flexible work, stronger leave policies, and destigmatization is considered more practical than a rigid law.

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POVERTY ESTIMATION IN INDIA: CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD

India’s poverty debate contrasts 5.3% extreme poverty with 23.9% economic vulnerability using World Bank benchmarks. The government now emphasizes the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) over old monetary lines. Experts argue MPI should complement income measures, calling for better data, accountability, and a transparent policy dashboard.

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