GS Paper 2

THAILAND - CAMBODIA CONFLICT EXPLAINED

Recent armed clashes between Thailand and Cambodia over the Preah Vihear temple revive a colonial-era border dispute despite ICJ rulings affirming Cambodian sovereignty. Nationalism fuels tensions, testing ASEAN’s conflict-resolution role, destabilizing the region. De-escalation and respect for law are essential.

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DHRUV FRAMEWORK EXPLAINED: ONE NATION, ONE ADDRESS SYSTEM

India Post’s Dhruva framework will assign a Digital Address Code to every location using ISRO’s Bhuvan platform to fix vague addressing. It can boost logistics, governance, and planning, but faces hurdles of massive data collection, privacy under Puttaswamy, digital divide, and inter-agency coordination.

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GLOBAL MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY INDEX(MPI) 2025 REPORT

The 2025 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index highlights a “double burden” as 1.1 billion poor people face rising climate shocks. Nearly 80%—mostly in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa—endure floods, droughts, or heat. Despite India’s progress, gains remain fragile, demanding urgent integration of climate resilience into poverty strategies.

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DOWRY SYSTEM IN INDIA: LAW, CHALLENGES, WAY FORWARD

Dowry results in violence against women, leading to deaths and severe harassment, particularly among vulnerable socioeconomic groups. Despite stringent laws, including the new Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), its practice persists due to social sanction, patriarchy, and low conviction rates, highlighting a wide gap between law and implementation.

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H-1B VISA CHALLENGES FOR INDIA

The H-1B visa program facing challenges due to the shift from a lottery-based system to a wage-based model, driven by "America First" sentiments. This could accelerate India's brain drain but also spur domestic innovation and localized business models. The debate calls for strategic policy responses to protect the diaspora and leverage skilled workforce for national development.

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TARIFFS AND THE US ECONOMY: IMPACT ON INDIA AND WAY FORWARD

The US's "Trumponomics" strategy, which includes tariffs, has significantly impacted the global economy, triggering trade wars and disrupting supply chains. India faces both challenges like potential export losses and currency devaluation, and opportunities to reposition itself in the global market. A strategic response focusing on diversification and competitiveness is crucial.

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ONLINE GAMING REGULATION: CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD

The Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Bill, 2025, proposes a ban on online money games, including skill-based ones like fantasy sports, to combat addiction, financial losses, and illicit activities. However, it also raises concerns about job losses and the rise of the illegal betting market, highlighting constitutional ambiguities.

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INDIA-ASEAN RELATIONS: BACKGROUND, CHALLENGES, WAY FORWARD

India-ASEAN ties, rooted in economic, cultural, and strategic convergence, are vital for regional stability and prosperity. Tackling trade imbalances and connectivity delays, while enhancing defence, digital, and energy cooperation, will deepen this Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, counterbalance China’s influence and advance India’s Act East Policy for an inclusive Indo-Pacific.

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INDIA-CENTRAL ASIA RELATIONS: CHALLENGES, WAY FORWARD

India's 'Connect Central Asia Policy' aims for strategic partnerships despite geographical isolation. Challenges include direct connectivity, China's BRI, and Afghan instability. However, INSTC and Chabahar Port offer solutions. By boosting economic and defense ties, and leveraging soft power, India can solidify its role as a reliable regional partner.

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LINGUISTIC REORGANIZATION OF STATES: CHALLENGES AND CONSEQUENCES

The debate over linguistic division of states began in 1920, with the Indian National Congress initially supporting linguistic boundaries. However, the Dhar Commission rejected language as a primary basis for state reorganisation. The 1953 Andhra State was the first created on a linguistic basis. The 1956 Act unified states, enhancing democracy, cultural preservation, and reduced separatism.

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SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF WOMEN AT WORKPLACE ACT: EXPLAINED

 Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013 (PoSH Act), protects women from sexual harassment at all workplaces, including homes. It defines harassment and covers any aggrieved woman. Employers must establish an Internal Complaints Committee (ICC) for over 10 employees or a Local Committee (LC) for fewer, facilitating redressal and interim safety measures.

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