Description

Copyright infringement not intended

Context

Scientists and decision-makers must pay attention to the Source to Sea (S2S) method.

Theme: Glacier Preservation
2025 is also declared the International Year of Glaciers Preservation by the United Nations.
Marks the start of a Decade of Action on Cryospheric Science (2025-2034).

Importance	Description	Example
Integrated Management of Water Systems	Treats freshwater and marine systems as a connected continuum, considering upstream impacts on downstream.	Pollution control in Ganges affecting Bay of Bengal ecosystem
Improves Coordination Across Jurisdictions	Promotes cooperation among stakeholders and political units for shared water resource management.	Manila Declaration on ridge-to-reef management
Facilitates Sustainable Solutions	Enables holistic strategies addressing pollution, water diversion, and habitat loss across the water cycle.	SIWI Action Platform connecting freshwater and marine experts

Groundwater Depletion: Over-extraction for agriculture and domestic use has led to severe aquifer depletion.
Eg: Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan use over 100% of their groundwater resources.
Water Pollution: Industrial waste, sewage, and agricultural runoff pollute surface water.
Eg: Over 70% of surface water is polluted; rivers like Ganga and Yamuna are heavily impacted.
Climate Change & Erratic Weather: Unpredictable rainfall, droughts, and floods reduce water reliability.
Eg: IMD reports a decline in monsoon rains affecting water recharge.