Context |
The Pakistan government banned the Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM), a group which fights for the rights of ethnic Pashtuns, citing it as a threat to national security. |
Ethnic Group |
Pashtuns (also known as Pathans, Pakhtuns) |
Geographic Region |
Reside between the Hindu Kush in northeastern Afghanistan and the Indus River in Pakistan. In India: communities of the Pashtun diaspora exist in the northern region of Rohilkhand and major Indian cities such as Delhi and Mumbai. |
Separation |
Separated by the Durand Line, which divided the region between British India and Afghanistan |
Population in Afghanistan |
Largest ethnic group, constituting 40-50% of the population. (They are the second-largest ethnic group in Pakistan and one of the largest ethnic groups in Afghanistan) |
Language |
Pashto (official language of Afghanistan); also speak Farsi (Persian) for trade purposes. |
Religion and Marriage |
Sunni Islam. Although polygamy with up to four wives is permitted under Muslim law, monogamy is prevalent. Marriages are endogamous within the clan and largely within the subsection. |
Social Code |
Pashtunwali (code of conduct governing ethical behavior and customs) |
Kinship System |
Based on descent from a common tribal ancestor through the male bloodline |
Tribal Structure |
Tribes are divided into clans, subclans, and patriarchal families |
Occupation |
Sedentary farmers (cultivation and animal husbandry),Migratory herders and caravaners, Many serve in the military, some in political posts |
REFERENCE- https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/cultures/au04/summary
https://minorityrights.org/communities/pashtuns/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns
Context |
The B'nei Menashe community traces its origins to the Chin, Kuki and Mizo tribes, a small group from Manipur and Mizoram. The Chin-Kuki-Mizo people are an ethnic group in the areas of India, Myanmar and the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. |
Origin |
Bnei Menashe tribe, known as the ‘Sons of Manasseh’, is believed to be one of the lost tribes of Hebrew origin from Israel. |
Religious Belief |
The tribe follows Judaism, considering Israel as the ‘Promised Land’ according to Judaic beliefs. |
Migration |
Many Bnei Menashe have migrated from Indian states of Manipur and Mizoram to Israel. |
Citizenship |
They have been granted Israeli citizenship and received teudat zehut (identity cards) which serve as work permits and health insurance. |
Ritual Training |
Upon migrating, they undergo Hebrew religious training, learning the ordinances and laws of the Torah, Talmud, and Halaka. |
Migration Statistics |
So far, 2,500 members from Mizoram have permanently migrated to Israel, with another 500 expected next year. Of the total 11,000 Bnei Menashe Jews, 7,000 are yet to migrate. |
Financial Support |
The entire expenditure for migration (aliyah) is borne by the Israeli government. |
Problem of Acceptance |
The Bnei Menashe face significant discrimination and marginalization in Israeli society. |
Discrimination |
They are considered ‘impure’, face racial discrimination, and are often categorized as ‘Chinese’ due to their demographic background. |
Location of Settlement |
They are usually allocated unstable lands in the West Bank where issues like education, security, and employment are major concerns. |
Reference: http://www.kulanu.org/wp-content/uploads/magazines/2000-fall.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bnei_Menashe
http://www.rahelsjewishindia.com/page5/page30/page30.html
Read about Kuki Tribe- https://www.iasgyan.in/daily-current-affairs/kukis#:~:text=The%20Kukis%20speak%20various%20languages,ancestral%20spirits%20and%20natural%20forces.
Source:
PRACTICE QUESTION Q.Consider the following information:
Which of the above-given pair/s is/are correctly matched? (a) 2 and 4 only (b) 1,3 and 4 only (c) 1,2 and 3 only (d) 2,3 and 4 only Answer: (a) Explanation: Pair 1 is incorrect: The Nomole are nomadic Arawak hunter-gatherers who inhabit Manú National Park in Peru. Pair 2 is correct: Bnei Menashe tribe, known as the ‘Sons of Manasseh’, is believed to be one of the lost tribes of Hebrew origin from Israel. Pair 3 is incorrect: The Mursi are a Surmic ethnic group in Ethiopia. Pair 4 is correct: The Nuer people are a Nilotic ethnic group concentrated in the Greater Upper Nile region of South Sudan. |
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