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Context:

A 2025 Goldschmidt Conference study warns of a feedback loop where climate change may trigger increased volcanic activity.

Introduction:

Climate change is increasingly being recognized not only for its immediate environmental effects but also for its potential to trigger geological hazards. A new study presented at the 2025 Goldschmidt Conference in Prague draws attention to the emerging risk of increased volcanic activity due to glacial melting. This highlights a potential feedback loop between climate change and Earth's internal processes.

Mechanism of Interaction:

• Glacial Pressure and Magma Dynamics: Under normal circumstances, the weight of thick glaciers acts as a cap on the Earth’s crust, suppressing volcanic eruptions. The mass of ice exerts pressure that keeps magma trapped in chambers beneath the surface.
• Melting of Glaciers: As global temperatures rise due to anthropogenic emissions, glaciers across the world — including those in Iceland, Alaska, Antarctica, and the Himalayas — are melting at an accelerating rate. This reduces the surface pressure on the crust.
• Volcanic Response: Reduced pressure allows magma to rise more freely and can decrease the boiling point of volatile compounds, such as water and carbon dioxide, within the magma. This process may increase the likelihood of explosive eruptions.

Scientific Observations and Concerns

• The study emphasizes that many volcanic systems lie beneath ice caps, especially in Iceland and parts of the Pacific Northwest.
• Historical precedence exists. For instance, past interglacial periods have witnessed increased volcanic activity, indicating a pattern between glacial retreat and eruptions.
• The potential for climate-induced eruptions adds to the challenges of disaster preparedness in areas previously considered stable.

India’s Relevance and Preparedness

• Himalayan Region: While India does not have active volcanoes in the mainland Himalayas, glacial retreat in this region can influence seismic and geothermal activity. The Himalayas are tectonically active, and the role of ice mass balance could become significant.
• Volcanic Monitoring: India has a few known volcanic sites, such as Barren Island (Andaman & Nicobar Islands). The National Centre for Seismology and the India Meteorological Department (IMD) monitor such activity, but capacity building is essential to monitor climate-geology interactions.

Way Forward

Conclusion:

The intersection of climate change and geology presents a new frontier of risk that demands urgent attention. The melting of glaciers not only raises sea levels and disrupts ecosystems but also potentially awakens dormant volcanic systems. Understanding and preparing for such interlinked threats is vital for ensuring sustainable human development and disaster resilience.

Source: Indian Express