UPSC Mains

CLIMATE FINANCE: INDIA'S CALL FOR DIALOGUE, EQUITY AND GLOBAL CLIMATE JUSTICE

India urgently demands equitable climate finance to bridge massive adaptation funding gaps. While the NCQG targets $300 billion annually, developing nations require $5-6 trillion by 2030. Achieving global climate justice necessitates transparent, grant-based capital and eliminating protectionist green trade barriers.

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AHILYABAI HOLKAR: LIFE, GOVERNANCE, LEGACY

Ahilyabai Holkar, the visionary 18th-century ruler of Malwa, is celebrated for her decentralized governance, justice system, and empowerment of women. Her profound legacy includes rebuilding nationwide Hindu temples, promoting Maheshwari handlooms, and fostering socio-economic development.

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COW PROTECTION LAW: BALANCING FAITH, LIVELIHOODS, AND CONSTITUTIONAL VALUES

The ban on cow slaughter in India triggers widespread constitutional debates over Article 48 versus fundamental rights, severely disrupting the agrarian economy, leather, and meat industries, while disproportionately affecting marginalized livelihoods and exacerbating the rural stray cattle menace.

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HOW SAFE IS INDIA’S CRITICAL NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE?

India's critical national infrastructure, encompassing power grids, nuclear facilities, and financial systems, faces severe cyber threats from state-sponsored actors and AI-driven malware. Strengthening resilience requires strict NCIIPC guidelines, Zero-Trust Architecture, and comprehensive threat reporting frameworks.

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GADCHIROLI DECLARED NAXAL-FREE: OPERATION ANTIM PRAHAR SUCCESS

Following the success of 'Operation Antim Prahar', Gadchiroli was declared Naxal-free. Consequently, the MHA announced zero Indian districts remain LWE-affected, shifting the nation's focus toward socio-economic development and preventing insurgent resurgence in "Legacy and Thrust" areas.

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VICTIM-CENTRIC CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN INDIA

India’s criminal justice system is embracing a victim-centric model through the BNSS 2023, guaranteeing structured victim compensation, active procedural participation, and timely updates. This transition successfully balances restorative justice mechanisms with retributive frameworks while protecting the accused's constitutional rights.

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IMPROVE FERTILIZER USE EFFICIENCY FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

India faces twin challenges of ecological degradation and soaring fertilizer subsidies. By leveraging the PM-PRANAM scheme, updating Nutrient-Based Subsidy rates, deploying nano-fertilizers, and integrating Edge AI precision farming, the government aims to ensure food security alongside sustainable agricultural practices.

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WHAT ARE MULE ACCOUNTS?: RISKS AND PREVENTION

According to the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C), cyber frauds may cause losses exceeding ₹1.2 lakh crore in 2025. India is actively adopting AI-driven tools like MuleHunter.AI and the Pratibimb app to detect illicit mule accounts.

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DATTATREYA RAMCHANDRA KAPREKAR: LIFE, CONTRIBUTIONS

D.R. Kaprekar was an independent Indian mathematician and schoolteacher who discovered mathematical marvels like the 6174 constant, Kaprekar numbers, and Harshad numbers. Despite lacking institutional backing, his recreational mathematics discoveries hold significant modern applications in computer algorithms.

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WORLD PRESS FREEDOM INDEX 2026: INDIA RANK & GLOBAL TRENDS

The 2026 World Press Freedom Index by RSF places India at 157th, highlighting a severe legal decline. Globally, press freedom has hit a 25-year low, driven by misused national security laws, devastating armed conflicts, and tech platforms spreading AI-generated disinformation.

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