UPSC GS3

ROAD TO ENERGY SECURITY PASSES THROUGH FARMS: BIOFUELS, AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES AND ENERGY TRANSITION

India’s farms are rapidly transitioning from food providers to vital renewable energy hubs. Through initiatives like ethanol blending, CBG production, and PM-KUSUM, agriculture ensures national energy security, reduces crude imports, boosts rural incomes, and drives the net-zero climate transition.

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PM-KISAN SCHEME: FEATURES, ACHIEVEMENTS AND SIGNIFICANCE

Launched in 2019, PM-KISAN is a Central Sector Scheme providing ₹6,000 annually to all landholding farmer families via Direct Benefit Transfer. While it effectively boosts rural liquidity and agricultural investments, challenges like land record digitization and digital illiteracy hinder seamless implementation.

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PRICE SUPPORT SCHEME (PSS): GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT OF PULSES AND OILSEEDS TO PROTECT FARMERS' INCOME

The Price Support Scheme (PSS), a core component of the PM-AASHA framework, empowers central agencies like NAFED and NCCF to procure pulses, oilseeds, and copra at MSP. It protects farmers from distress sales during price crashes while promoting crop diversification and domestic self-sufficiency.

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PERIODIC LABOUR FORCE SURVEY (PLFS): METHODOLOGY, KEY INDICATORS AND IMPORTANCE

The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), conducted by the NSO, tracks India's employment trends. Recently revamped to provide monthly data, it measures LFPR, WPR, and Unemployment Rates using Current Weekly and Usual Status, highlighting key shifts towards formalization and female participation.

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VARYA: INDIA'S INDIGENOUS AI VIDEO STORY GENERATION MODEL UNDER THE INDIAAI MISSION

Avataar.ai, backed by the IndiaAI Mission, launched Varya—a 14-billion-parameter distilled video AI model. Delivering culturally accurate Indian content at ₹0.48/second, it democratizes video generation for MSMEs and educators while operating within India's strict 2026 SGI regulatory framework for deepfakes.

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SOLAR-1 SPACE WEATHER SATELLITE: MISSION OBJECTIVES, IMPORTANCE AND APPLICATIONS

NOAA has operationalized SOLAR-1 at Lagrange Point 1 (L1) to serve as the nation's premier space weather early warning system. Complementing India’s Aditya-L1, it tracks Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) and solar wind in real-time to protect global power grids, GPS, and satellites.

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BONN CLIMATE CONFERENCE 2026: KEY DISCUSSIONS, CLIMATE FINANCE DEBATE AND SIGNIFICANCE FOR COP31

The 2026 Bonn Climate Conference (SB64) focused on operationalizing the $300 billion NCQG, introducing a 35% global electrification target by 2035, and finalizing Article 6 carbon market rules. India fiercely defended CBDR-RC, opposing new obligations and demanding equitable, grant-based climate finance.

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CARBON CREDITS UNDER THE PARIS AGREEMENT: MECHANISM, OPPORTUNITIES AND EMERGING CONCERNS

Carbon markets under Paris Agreement Article 6 allow nations to trade emission reductions globally. While they drive green investments and tech transfer, severe concerns like greenwashing, human rights violations, and over-crediting demand strict UN safeguards and transparent domestic policies like India's CCTS.

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OILSEEDS KISAN MITRA: DIGITAL EMPOWERMENT INITIATIVE FOR SELF-RELIANCE IN EDIBLE OILS

ICAR launched 'Oilseeds Kisaan Mitra', India's first WhatsApp-based AI chatbot, to provide 24x7 multilingual advisory to oilseed farmers. It aims to bridge crop yield gaps, boost domestic production, and drastically reduce India's 55-60% reliance on edible oil imports.

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CHINA'S HUKOU SYSTEM: STRUCTURE, REFORMS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS

China’s Hukou system is an internal passport mechanism classifying citizens as rural or urban, tying welfare access to registered localities.  

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STRENGTHENING INDIA’S EV SUPPLY CHAINS: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND POLICY MEASURES

India’s EV sales are booming, but heavy reliance on Chinese battery imports poses strategic risks. Achieving autonomy requires accelerating domestic manufacturing, diversifying supply chains via global alliances, and adopting alternative chemistries like sodium-ion to ensure long-term resilience.

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SMALL HYDRO POWER (SHP) DEVELOPMENT SCHEME EXPLAINED

The Union Cabinet approved a ₹2,584.60 crore scheme to add 1,500 MW of Small Hydro Power (up to 25 MW) by 2031. It prioritizes North Eastern and border regions, mandates indigenous procurement, and provides stable, eco-friendly baseload power for India’s energy transition. 

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