UPSC GS 3

ISRAEL–HAMAS CEASEFIRE ANNOUNCED

The Israel–Hamas conflict shows how local wars create global shocks—disrupting trade routes, energy flows, and supply chains. For India, stability in West Asia is vital for economic security and strategic balance. In today’s world, diplomacy protects not just borders but also commerce, energy, and national resilience.

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NITI AAYOG RELEASED NITI TAX POLICY

NITI Aayog’s report urges India to decriminalize minor tax offences, remove mandatory jail terms, and restore judicial discretion. It calls for distinguishing genuine errors from fraud, adopting global best practices, and building a fair, trust-based tax system that promotes compliance, transparency, and equity.

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CYBER FRAUDS IN DIGITAL INDIA: CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD

India's government is building robust defense systems, combining legislation and institutional support to combat evolving cyber threats. Citizens must practice good cyber hygiene and remain cautious of unsolicited communications to collectively secure a Digital India.

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SHRAM SHAKTI NITI 2025: NATIONAL LABOUR & EMPLOYMENT POLICY

The Draft Shram Shakti Niti 2025 to empower the workforce by extending social security to unorganized and gig workers, promoting skill development, and ensuring safe workplaces. It leverages technology to build a future-ready labor force, promoting inclusive growth, and shifts from welfare-based to rights-based worker empowerment for economic progress.

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NITI AAYOG REPORT ON AI FOR INCLUSIVE SOCIETAL DEVELOPMENT

NITI Aayog’s AI roadmap promotes an “AI for All” vision to drive inclusive growth in healthcare, agriculture, and education. It advances Responsible AI principles, supports innovation through the AIRAWAT platform, strengthens skills and data ecosystems, and positions India as a global leader in ethical, development-driven AI aligned with “Make in India.”

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POLAR SILK ROAD: MEANING, SIGNIFICANCE, CHALLENGES, WAY FORWARD

China’s Polar Silk Road via the Arctic Sea Route offers faster Asia-Europe trade, but experts warn it will raise emissions, create new carbon hotspots, harm Arctic ecosystems and indigenous communities, and worsen climate inequality unless strong environmental governance intervenes.

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GLOBAL RENEWABLE ENERGY TRANSITION: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY REPORT

The IEA’s Renewables 2025 report highlights rapid global energy transition, with Solar PV driving growth. India to  become the second-largest market, but addressing grid bottlenecks, transmission expansion, and DISCOMs’ financial fragility is crucial to sustain progress and meet COP28 goals.

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GREEN CRACKERS: BALANCING TRADITION, ENVIRONMENT & PUBLIC HEALTH

Green crackers are eco-friendly alternatives to traditional firecrackers, designed to reduce air and noise pollution. They produce lower emissions of harmful gases and particulate matter, helping protect public health and the environment. Governments promote their use during festivals to balance cultural celebrations with environmental and health concerns.

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STRENGTHENING INDIA’S RESEARCH ECOSYSTEM: CHALLENGES, WAY FORWARD

India aims to transform its R&D landscape into a global innovation hub. Despite rising publications, challenges persist—low Gross Expenditure on R&D (0.7% of GDP), weak industry-academia ties, and ethical issues. Initiatives like Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) and India Research Tour boost inclusivity, ethics, and funding, driving 'Viksit Bharat 2047'.

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DRUGS REGULATION IN INDIA: FRAMEWORK, CHALLENGES, WAY FORWARD

 India’s “Pharmacy of the World” status suffers from weak regulation, under-resourced state drug authorities, and poor pharmacovigilance. Strengthening state monitoring, enforcing strict accountability, and implementing robust, timely drug-safety mechanisms can restore public trust and global credibility.

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LANDSLIDES: CAUSES, IMPACT, AND MITIGATION STRATEGY

The Darjeeling disaster, caused by extreme rainfall, revealed the Eastern Himalayas’ vulnerability. Landslides and floods severed key routes, isolating Sikkim. Unsustainable development, weak governance, and poor disaster preparedness demand urgent mountain regulation and advanced early warning systems for future resilience.

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RIVER SAND MINING: MEANING, CONSEQUENCES AND WAY FORWARD

The 2025 Supreme Court ruling mandates replenishment studies for sustainable sand mining, reinforcing environmental law. Successful implementation depends on tech-driven enforcement against illegal extraction and developing the M-Sand market. This dual strategy is crucial to protect river ecosystems while meeting construction demands.

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