UPSC GS 1

MARITAL RAPE EXCEPTION IN CRIMINAL LAW IS A COLONIAL RELIC

The debate on criminalising marital rape has sharpened as the Supreme Court examines petitions against the marital rape exception retained in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita. Critics argue it violates Articles 14 and 21 by denying married women equal protection. Despite government resistance, expert bodies like the Justice J.S. Verma Committee have urged its abolition.

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KALDIYA RIVER MINING CASE: NGT SLAMS ASSAM GOVT OVER ILLEGAL SAND

The NGT’s action on illegal sand mining in Assam’s Kaldiya river exposes a wider national crisis. Unscientific extraction harms river ecology, groundwater and biodiversity, while sand mafias fuel revenue loss and conflict. Despite strong laws, weak enforcement persists. Technology-based monitoring, alternatives like M-Sand and stronger accountability are essential.

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AUSTRALIA’S CHILD SOCIAL‑MEDIA BAN: A BLUEPRINT FOR GLOBAL REGULATION

Australia ban social media for under-16s reflects global concern over youth safety online. While platform liability is central, age verification and rights risks persist. Compared with EU-style regulation and India’s data protection regime, safety-by-design, digital literacy, and strong privacy safeguards offer a more durable solution than blanket bans.

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ACID ATTACKS IN INDIA: POLICIES, CHALLENGES, WAY FORWARD

Acid attacks persist in India despite strong laws and Supreme Court directives. The failure lies in weak enforcement, unregulated acid sales, delayed compensation and poor rehabilitation. Addressing this crime demands strict implementation, speedy justice, survivor-centric rehabilitation and sustained efforts to challenge patriarchal attitudes.

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POLYGAMY IN INDIA: MEANING, CHALLENGES, WAY FORWARD

Assam passed the Prohibition of Polygamy Bill, 2025, criminalizing polygamy with strict penalties and overriding personal laws except for Sixth Schedule areas and STs. The law promotes women’s dignity, reinforces monogamy, and moves the state closer to the UCC framework, creating a national precedent.

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CYCLONE SENYAR HITS SUMATRA, INDONESIA

Cyclone Senyar, the first November cyclone to hit Indonesia, made landfall on Sumatra on November 26, 2025. Formed unusually in the Malacca Strait, it rapidly intensified to 70–90 km/h, highlighting the growing impact of climate change and warming seas on rare regional cyclogenesis.

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ETHIOPIA VOLCANO ERUPTION HAYLI GUBBI

The sub-plinian eruption of Ethiopia’s Hayli Gubbi volcano sent a stratospheric ash plume toward India via subtropical jets, threatening aviation and engines. Its sulphur dioxide release may cause brief global cooling. The event highlights the need for stronger international monitoring and exposes aviation and ecosystem vulnerabilities.

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ELIMINATION OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: SCHEMES, CHALLENGES, WAY FORWARD

Violence against women in India persists, despite strong laws like 'Mission Shakti.' High crime rates and normalized abuse, shown by NCRB/NFHS-5 data, highlight mixed success. Implementation gaps, low conviction rates, and patriarchy hinder progress, necessitating a multi-pronged approach encompassing policy, legal reform, and attitudinal change for real impact.

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NCERT CONNECTS ANCIENT INDIAN INNOVATIONS TO MODERN EDUCATION

NCERT is revising textbooks under NEP 2020 to integrate historical contributions to science and mathematics, along with Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS), to promote national pride. Successful implementation requires careful planning, strong supporting evidence, and thorough teacher training to maintain academic standards and prevent bias.

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TYPHOON KALMAEGI IMPACT AND RESPONSE

Typhoon Kalmaegi, a Category 3 storm, caused widespread floods and landslides in Cebu, Philippines. This disaster, following recent earthquakes, prompted a national state of calamity, highlighting the Philippines' growing vulnerability to climate-related events.

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AVALANCHE RISK RISING WITH CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate change is increasing avalanche risks in the Himalayas. Rising temperatures and erratic weather destabilize snow and thaw permafrost, causing frequent avalanches. India must strengthen forecasting, disaster response, structural safeguards, and community preparedness to build resilience against this escalating climate threat.

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LUCKNOW: UNESCO’S NEW CREATIVE CITY OF GASTRONOMY

Lucknow has been designated a UNESCO City of Gastronomy at the 43rd UNESCO General Conference in Uzbekistan, honoring its rich Awadhi cuisine and cultural heritage. This recognition promotes sustainable tourism, preserves traditional recipes, supports local chefs, and enhances India’s global cultural presence through its culinary legacy.

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