UPSC GS 1

TYPHOON KALMAEGI IMPACT AND RESPONSE

Typhoon Kalmaegi, a Category 3 storm, caused widespread floods and landslides in Cebu, Philippines. This disaster, following recent earthquakes, prompted a national state of calamity, highlighting the Philippines' growing vulnerability to climate-related events.

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AVALANCHE RISK RISING WITH CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate change is increasing avalanche risks in the Himalayas. Rising temperatures and erratic weather destabilize snow and thaw permafrost, causing frequent avalanches. India must strengthen forecasting, disaster response, structural safeguards, and community preparedness to build resilience against this escalating climate threat.

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LUCKNOW: UNESCO’S NEW CREATIVE CITY OF GASTRONOMY

Lucknow has been designated a UNESCO City of Gastronomy at the 43rd UNESCO General Conference in Uzbekistan, honoring its rich Awadhi cuisine and cultural heritage. This recognition promotes sustainable tourism, preserves traditional recipes, supports local chefs, and enhances India’s global cultural presence through its culinary legacy.

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GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION IS SINKING INDIAN CITIES

Unchecked groundwater extraction is sinking major cities, weakening infrastructure and heightening flood and saltwater risks. India must urgently regulate borewells, enforce rainwater harvesting, and adopt integrated, science-based water governance with community participation to safeguard urban stability and secure its most vital resource—groundwater.

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NATIONAL UNITY DAY: LEGACY OF SARDAR PATEL

National Unity Day on October 31 celebrates Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s 150th birth anniversary and his remarkable role in uniting over 560 princely states. His vision of a strong, integrated India continues to inspire citizens to uphold unity, integrity, and harmony in today’s diverse nation.

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URBAN PLANNING IN INDIA: CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD

India must reform outdated land-use planning to make cities true economic growth hubs. Achieving the $30 trillion goal and Net Zero target needs cities with job-linked visions, regional planning, Natural Resource Budgeting, and Climate Action Plans that ensure sustainable, resilient, and holistic urban growth.

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SUSTAINABLE AND CLIMATE-RESILIENT FARMING SYSTEMS

Building climate-resilient agriculture secures food supply and supports farmers. India must shift from input-heavy farming to sustainable methods like crop diversification, agroecology, and smart water use. Strengthening soil health, using technology, and valuing traditional knowledge will ensure lasting environmental and economic stability.

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DOMESTIC WORKERS IN INDIA: STATUS, CHALLENGES, WAY FORWARD

The domestic workforce, mostly women from marginalized communities, faces exploitation due to informal work and lack of rights. Denied fair wages and protection, they remain invisible. The Supreme Court directed the Centre to form an expert committee to draft a protective law.

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BATHOU RELIGION CODE: BODO FAITH GETS NATIONAL CENSUS RECOGNITION

India’s upcoming census officially recognizes the Bathou religion of Assam’s Bodo community with a separate code. Centered on the five elements and venerating the Sijou tree, this nature-based faith strengthens Bodo identity and highlights India’s commitment to preserving indigenous cultural heritage.

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ROADMAP TO GENDER EQUITY IN JUDICIARY EXPLAINED

India needs gender-inclusive courts to promote equality, create an inclusive environment, and ensure fair, empathetic, and balanced judicial decisions. This is vital to address the under-representation of women in the higher judiciary and dismantle existing systemic barriers.

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DECLINING TRUST IN INSTITUTIONS: INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION (ILO) REPORT

The ILO’s report, The State of Social Justice, warns that declining trust and persistent inequality threaten social justice and democratic legitimacy. Despite reduced extreme poverty, 71% of earnings depend on birth, and 58% of workers face informality. It urges a renewed social contract and Fair Transition policies for inclusive, decent work.

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LANDSLIDES: CAUSES, IMPACT, AND MITIGATION STRATEGY

The Darjeeling disaster, caused by extreme rainfall, revealed the Eastern Himalayas’ vulnerability. Landslides and floods severed key routes, isolating Sikkim. Unsustainable development, weak governance, and poor disaster preparedness demand urgent mountain regulation and advanced early warning systems for future resilience.

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