UPSC GS 1

POLYGAMY IN INDIA: MEANING, CHALLENGES, WAY FORWARD

Assam passed the Prohibition of Polygamy Bill, 2025, criminalizing polygamy with strict penalties and overriding personal laws except for Sixth Schedule areas and STs. The law promotes women’s dignity, reinforces monogamy, and moves the state closer to the UCC framework, creating a national precedent.

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CYCLONE SENYAR HITS SUMATRA, INDONESIA

Cyclone Senyar, the first November cyclone to hit Indonesia, made landfall on Sumatra on November 26, 2025. Formed unusually in the Malacca Strait, it rapidly intensified to 70–90 km/h, highlighting the growing impact of climate change and warming seas on rare regional cyclogenesis.

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ETHIOPIA VOLCANO ERUPTION HAYLI GUBBI

The sub-plinian eruption of Ethiopia’s Hayli Gubbi volcano sent a stratospheric ash plume toward India via subtropical jets, threatening aviation and engines. Its sulphur dioxide release may cause brief global cooling. The event highlights the need for stronger international monitoring and exposes aviation and ecosystem vulnerabilities.

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ELIMINATION OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: SCHEMES, CHALLENGES, WAY FORWARD

Violence against women in India persists, despite strong laws like 'Mission Shakti.' High crime rates and normalized abuse, shown by NCRB/NFHS-5 data, highlight mixed success. Implementation gaps, low conviction rates, and patriarchy hinder progress, necessitating a multi-pronged approach encompassing policy, legal reform, and attitudinal change for real impact.

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NCERT CONNECTS ANCIENT INDIAN INNOVATIONS TO MODERN EDUCATION

NCERT is revising textbooks under NEP 2020 to integrate historical contributions to science and mathematics, along with Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS), to promote national pride. Successful implementation requires careful planning, strong supporting evidence, and thorough teacher training to maintain academic standards and prevent bias.

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TYPHOON KALMAEGI IMPACT AND RESPONSE

Typhoon Kalmaegi, a Category 3 storm, caused widespread floods and landslides in Cebu, Philippines. This disaster, following recent earthquakes, prompted a national state of calamity, highlighting the Philippines' growing vulnerability to climate-related events.

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AVALANCHE RISK RISING WITH CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate change is increasing avalanche risks in the Himalayas. Rising temperatures and erratic weather destabilize snow and thaw permafrost, causing frequent avalanches. India must strengthen forecasting, disaster response, structural safeguards, and community preparedness to build resilience against this escalating climate threat.

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LUCKNOW: UNESCO’S NEW CREATIVE CITY OF GASTRONOMY

Lucknow has been designated a UNESCO City of Gastronomy at the 43rd UNESCO General Conference in Uzbekistan, honoring its rich Awadhi cuisine and cultural heritage. This recognition promotes sustainable tourism, preserves traditional recipes, supports local chefs, and enhances India’s global cultural presence through its culinary legacy.

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GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION IS SINKING INDIAN CITIES

Unchecked groundwater extraction is sinking major cities, weakening infrastructure and heightening flood and saltwater risks. India must urgently regulate borewells, enforce rainwater harvesting, and adopt integrated, science-based water governance with community participation to safeguard urban stability and secure its most vital resource—groundwater.

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NATIONAL UNITY DAY: LEGACY OF SARDAR PATEL

National Unity Day on October 31 celebrates Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s 150th birth anniversary and his remarkable role in uniting over 560 princely states. His vision of a strong, integrated India continues to inspire citizens to uphold unity, integrity, and harmony in today’s diverse nation.

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URBAN PLANNING IN INDIA: CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD

India must reform outdated land-use planning to make cities true economic growth hubs. Achieving the $30 trillion goal and Net Zero target needs cities with job-linked visions, regional planning, Natural Resource Budgeting, and Climate Action Plans that ensure sustainable, resilient, and holistic urban growth.

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SUSTAINABLE AND CLIMATE-RESILIENT FARMING SYSTEMS

Building climate-resilient agriculture secures food supply and supports farmers. India must shift from input-heavy farming to sustainable methods like crop diversification, agroecology, and smart water use. Strengthening soil health, using technology, and valuing traditional knowledge will ensure lasting environmental and economic stability.

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