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Context

NewSpace India Limited (NSIL), the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe), and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) signed a Technology Transfer Agreement (ToT) to commercialize the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV).  

What is Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV)?

It is a low-cost, and "launch-on-demand" rocket developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

It is specifically designed to meet the growing market demand for launching small satellites. 

Key features

• Payload capacity: The SSLV can carry satellites weighing between 10 and 500 kg into a low Earth orbit (LEO).
• Configuration: It is a three-stage, all-solid-propellant rocket.   
• Cost-effective: Uses indigenous components and does not require a complex cryogenic engine.
• Rapid turnaround time: Designed for quick assembly and can be integrated in as little as 72 hours.
• Minimal infrastructure: Lower launch infrastructure requirements.

Significance: Provide a dedicated, cost effective, frequent, and flexible launch option for small satellites, empowering universities, startups, and developing nations to execute their space missions. 

What are the Key Highlights of the SSLV Technology Transfer Agreement?

• Cost-Effective Design: SSLV’s manufacturing cost ranges from ₹30 crore to ₹35 crore, making it one of the cheapest small-lift rockets globally.
• Launch Flexibility: Supports launches from Sriharikota for inclined orbits and Kulasekarapattinam for polar orbits.
• Market Expansion: Targets domestic and international clients, including military, universities, and small satellite manufacturers, to capture a share of the global market.

What is the Role of SSLV in India’s Space Ambitions?

• Meeting Global Demand: SSLV launches satellites up to 500 kg into Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and 300 kg into Sun-Synchronous Orbit (SSO), catering to the growing small satellite market.
• Boosting Space Economy: India’s space sector, currently under 2% of the $500 billion global market, aims to reach $44 billion by 2033 through SSLV commercialization.
• Self-Reliance: HAL’s production of SSLVs reduces dependency on foreign launch providers, strengthening Atmanirbhar space ecosystem.
• Space Diplomacy: SSLV’s low-cost launches attract international clients, enhancing India’s global influence (soft power).

What Challenges Hinder India's SSLV Commercialization?

Global Competition: SSLV faces tough competition from Rocket Lab’s Electron and SpaceX’s rideshare missions, which offer launches at $275,000 for a 50-kg satellite to sun-synchronous orbit (SSO). SSLV’s ₹30–35 crore cost must drop to compete effectively.

Funding Shortfalls: India’s space budget of $1.7 billion lags behind NASA’s $25.3 billion, limiting R&D and private investment due to high risks and long returns.

Regulatory Gaps: India lacks a comprehensive Space Activities Act, causing delays in approvals and uncertainty over private sector liabilities.

Technological Dependence: Importing components (₹2,114 crore in FY 2021-22) slows self-reliance. SSLV’s reliance on solid propellants limits reusability compared to SpaceX’s Falcon 9.

Space Debris Risks: Small satellite constellations increase orbital debris, risking collisions, and threaten long-term sustainability.  

How Can India Strengthen SSLV Commercialization and Space Sector Growth?

Enhance Cost Competitiveness: Reduce SSLV launch costs to rival SpaceX’s $2.75 million rideshare price.

Boost Private Investment: Launch a Space Component Indigenization Mission and expand Make in India schemes to cut reliance on imports and attract venture capital.

Enact Space Legislation: Pass an Indian Space Activities Act to clarify private sector roles, liability, and dispute resolution.

Tackle Space Debris: Mandate 5-year timelines and equip satellites with transponders for real-time tracking to reduce collision risks.

Strengthen Diplomacy: Leverage G20 platforms to promote SSLV launches, enhancing India’s role in the Global South.

Source: NEWSONAIR