Source: Business Standard

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Context

• India's past military operations may have been hindered by the United States (US) using a technique similar to the one reportedly used by Israel to confuse Iran's missile targeting teams by jamming Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation signals in the days leading up to Tehran's overnight attack.

Details

GPS Spoofing in Military Conflicts

Israel's Actions Against Iran:

• Israel reportedly jammed GPS navigation signals within its territory to confuse Iran's missile targeting teams ahead of a direct attack on Israel.
• This tactic aimed to disrupt the accuracy of Iranian missiles and drones by providing false location information.

US Actions in the Kargil War:

• During the Kargil War between India and Pakistan in 1999, the US denied GPS data to India, hindering its military operations.
• The US used a technology called "selective availability" to intentionally degrade GPS accuracy for civilian receivers, while retaining better accuracy for military use.
• This action negatively impacted India's military operations during the conflict.

Implications

Development of Independent Navigation Systems:

• Adverse experiences with GPS denial or manipulation prompted countries like India to develop their own navigation systems.
• India's NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation) provides precise positioning, navigation, and timing services within India and its surrounding regions, reducing dependence on foreign systems.

Military Preparedness and Resilience:

• Nations are increasingly aware of the vulnerability of GPS-dependent systems to spoofing and jamming.
• They are investing in technologies and strategies to detect and mitigate such attacks, including the development of alternative navigation systems and anti-spoofing technologies 

Geopolitical Dynamics:

• The use of GPS spoofing and denial tactics underscores the complex geopolitical dynamics and strategic interests involved in military conflicts.
• Control over navigation systems can significantly impact the outcome of battles and shape regional power dynamics.

About GPS Spoofing

• GPS spoofing refers to the manipulation of GPS signals to deceive GPS receivers, making them believe they are at a different location than they actually are.

How GPS Works:

• GPS relies on signals from satellites orbiting the Earth. These satellites continuously broadcast signals containing their location and the precise time.
• GPS receivers on the ground calculate their position by triangulating signals from multiple satellites.
• GPS receivers typically achieve accuracy within a few meters under normal conditions.

Types of GPS Spoofing:

• Signal Jamming: Interference with GPS signals to disrupt reception, causing receivers to lose accuracy or fail altogether.
• Signal Manipulation: Altering GPS signals to provide false location information to receivers.
• Replay Attacks: Recording genuine GPS signals and replaying them later to deceive receivers.
• Meaconing: Broadcasting counterfeit GPS signals to mimic legitimate ones, leading receivers to calculate incorrect positions.

Motivations for GPS Spoofing:

• Cybersecurity: Used to manipulate location-based security systems, such as in drone navigation or maritime navigation.
• Privacy: Spoofing can be employed to protect personal privacy by obfuscating one's true location.
• Military Operations: Military applications involve both defensive and offensive uses of GPS spoofing for deception and strategic advantage.
• Criminal Activities: Criminals may use spoofing for various illicit activities, such as smuggling or evading law enforcement.

Detection and Prevention:

• Implementing cryptographic techniques to verify the authenticity of GPS signals.
• Advanced GPS receivers can detect and mitigate spoofing attempts.
• Integrating other positioning technologies like GLONASS, Galileo, or inertial navigation systems can enhance reliability and resilience against spoofing.
• Governments can enforce regulations to prevent unauthorized GPS signal manipulation and punish offenders.

Other Real-World Incidents:

• In 2011, Iran claimed to have captured a U.S. RQ-170 Sentinel drone by spoofing its GPS signals, forcing it to land in Iranian territory.
• In 2013, a superyacht in the Mediterranean reported its GPS system placing it 300 meters inland, a likely result of GPS spoofing.

Way Forward

• As navigation technologies evolve, adversaries will continue to develop more sophisticated spoofing and jamming techniques. This necessitates ongoing research and development of resilient navigation systems and countermeasures.
• There is a growing need for international agreements and regulations to address the misuse of navigation systems in military conflicts.
• Clear guidelines and mechanisms for accountability can help mitigate the risks associated with GPS spoofing and denial.

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Sources:

Business Standard

PRACTICE QUESTION Q.  The use of GPS spoofing and jamming in military conflicts, such as the Kargil War and recent incidents involving Israel and Iran, highlights the strategic importance of navigation systems in modern warfare. Comment. (250 Words)