The Communist movement in India grew out of global socialist ideas and Indian anti-imperialist conditions, formally taking organisational shape in 1925 at Kanpur. It played an active role in organising workers and peasants during the freedom struggle, faced repression through conspiracy cases, and later led major agrarian movements like Tebhaga and Telangana. After Independence, the movement debated between armed revolution and parliamentary democracy, eventually becoming a major force in electoral politics in states such as Kerala, West Bengal and Tripura. The 1964 split between CPI and CPI(M) marked a major ideological division, and although the Left later faced electoral decline and new socio-economic challenges, it continues to remain relevant by highlighting issues of inequality, labour rights and social justice in contemporary India.
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Vande Mataram, written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee in 1875, emerged as a powerful cultural symbol of India’s freedom struggle. First sung by Rabindranath Tagore in 1896, it inspired patriotism and unity among freedom fighters. Adopted as the National Song in 1937 and reaffirmed in 1950, it continues to represent national pride, sacrifice, and devotion to the motherland, holding an honoured place in India’s historical and cultural identity.
Click to View MoreBatukeshwar Dutt was a committed Indian revolutionary best known for carrying out the 1929 Central Legislative Assembly bombing with Bhagat Singh to protest British repression. A member of the HSRA, he spent long years in jail, joined hunger strikes for prisoner rights, and participated again in the Quit India Movement. Despite his courage and sacrifices, he lived in hardship after independence and remains one of the most overlooked heroes of India’s freedom struggle.
Click to View MoreThe press in India has played a pivotal role from the freedom struggle to the modern democratic era. During colonial times, newspapers shaped nationalist consciousness, mobilized masses, and exposed British policies despite severe censorship. After Independence, the press expanded with constitutional protections, institutional reforms like the PCI, and growing diversity across languages and mediums. Today, the media continues to be essential for transparency and accountability but faces challenges such as misinformation, political pressure, commercialization, and threats to journalist safety. A strong, ethical, and independent press remains vital for sustaining India’s democracy.
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