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UPSC GS Paper 1

SARHUL FESTIVAL: TRIBAL CULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION

The Sarhul festival, celebrated by tribal communities like the Oraon and Munda, symbolizes the profound intersection of indigenous cultural identity and environmental conservation. Through rituals like worshipping the Sal tree and preserving 'Sarna' sacred groves, tribals inherently promote biodiversity.  

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EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD: REVERSALS AND IMPLICATIONS

Recent research shows Earth’s magnetic field reversals can last 70,000 years, far longer than previously thought. This prolonged weakening of our magnetic shield threatens LEO satellites, global power grids, and ecosystems with intense cosmic radiation and navigational chaos.

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Savitribai Phule Legacy: Education, Caste & Gender Justice

Savitribai Phule, a pioneering 19th-century reformer, advanced women’s education by starting India’s first girls’ school in 1848 with Jyotiba Phule. Through Satyashodhak Samaj, she fought caste and gender discrimination, becoming a foundational figure in India’s feminist and social justice movements.

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Rassundari Devi's 'Amar Jiban' Challenged Patriarchal Society

Rassundari Devi (c. 1809–1890) was a 19th-century Bengali woman who wrote Amar Jiban (1876), the first autobiography by an Indian woman. Despite strict patriarchal restrictions against female literacy, she secretly taught herself to read, driven by a deep desire to read religious texts.  

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Basoda Festival Explained

Ancient festivals like Basoda (Sheetala Ashtami) reflect deep scientific and philosophical wisdom. Eating pre-cooked cold food supports gut health through probiotics and mindful living. These traditions echo Upanishadic values of restraint, generosity, and compassion, showing how cultural practices can address modern lifestyle and health challenges.

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MEGALITHIC CHAMBER FOUND IN KERALA

A 2,000-year-old Megalithic laterite rock-cut burial chamber discovered at Panayal, Kerala reveals South India’s burial traditions, belief in the afterlife, social hierarchy, and engineering skills. Found during construction, it highlights the conflict between development and heritage preservation, stressing scientific excavation, stronger laws, and community participation.

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Discovery of Yadava Dynasty Pillar in Maharashtra

A 12th century Seuna Yadava stone pillar found in Hinganghat, Maharashtra, reflects Hemadpanti architecture and confirms Yadava influence in Vidarbha. The discovery can boost heritage tourism beyond wildlife attractions but exposes preservation gaps, requiring ASI action, community involvement, and integrated policies to safeguard medieval legacy.

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KASHI TAMIL SANGAMAM : REVIVING ANCIENT LINKS FOR NATIONAL INTEGRATION

Kashi Tamil Sangamam 4.0, led by the Education Ministry under Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat, strengthens historic Tamil–Kashi ties. I promote cultural exchange and national unity. New additions include the Learn Tamil campaign to deepen community connect.

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SCHEDULED TRIBE(ST) STATUS : PROCESS, CRITERIA, CHALLENGES, WAY FORWARD

 The process for granting Scheduled Tribe (ST) status in India is a rigorous constitutional procedure. It requires state initiation, central approvals from the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, RGI, and NCST, and a parliamentary act. Outdated 1965 criteria from the Lokur Committee caused delays and controversy, necessitating urgent modernization for equitable and timely recognition.

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SUPREME COURT PARTIALLY STAYS WAQF ACT 2025

The Supreme Court partially stayed key provisions of the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025, halting executive overreach and the five-year Islamic practice requirement. The ruling highlights judicial vigilance in upholding constitutional principles, separation of powers, and ensuring legislative reforms comply with the rule of law.

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WHAT IS MANKI-MUNDA SYSTEM? EXPLAINED

The Manki-Munda system, rooted in Ho tribal traditions of Jharkhand’s Kolhan, features hereditary Mundas and Mankis managing disputes and governance. Codified by the British in 1837, it endures today, balancing customary law, tribal identity, and democratic Panchayati Raj institutions.

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INTERNATIONAL MANUSCRIPT HERITAGE CONFERENCE

The Gyan Bharatam Mission, initiated by the Ministry of Culture, aims to digitize over one crore Indian manuscripts using AI and blockchain technologies. This cultural renaissance initiative aims to create a global digital repository for future generations.

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