UPSC GS III

Graphics Processing Units and AI Revolution

Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) are specialised processors designed for high-speed parallel computing, making them essential for graphics rendering, artificial intelligence, and large-scale data processing. Their architecture, which includes thousands of cores, high-bandwidth memory (VRAM), and programmable shaders, enables faster execution of repetitive numerical tasks compared to CPUs. In India, GPUs are becoming critical digital infrastructure, supporting AI innovation, scientific research under the National Supercomputing Mission, the startup ecosystem, and large-scale digital governance platforms. With rising demand and heavy import dependence, strengthening domestic semiconductor capabilities and expanding energy-efficient data centre infrastructure are key to ensuring technological self-reliance and global competitiveness.

Bio-based chemicals and enzymes: Opportunities and challenges

Bio-based chemicals and enzymes are industrial products derived from renewable biological resources such as crops, biomass, and agricultural residues through processes like fermentation and enzymatic conversion. They offer a sustainable alternative to petrochemicals by reducing fossil fuel dependence, lowering carbon emissions, and supporting a circular bioeconomy.

India has strong potential in this sector due to its large agricultural base, established fermentation expertise, and growing manufacturing capacity. The government has prioritised biomanufacturing under the BioE3 policy, and domestic companies are increasingly investing in bio-based production. However, challenges such as higher costs, feedstock supply constraints, limited infrastructure, and slow market adoption need to be addressed.

With appropriate policy support, shared infrastructure, and market incentives, bio-based chemicals and enzymes can strengthen India’s industrial competitiveness, promote agricultural value addition, and contribute to sustainable economic growth.

Urban Challenge Fund

The Union Cabinet has approved the ₹1 lakh crore Urban Challenge Fund to support market-driven and reform-based urban infrastructure development. The scheme aims to mobilise about ₹4 lakh crore over five years by focusing on cities as growth hubs, urban redevelopment, and improved water and sanitation, with special emphasis on sustainable, resilient, and inclusive development in Tier-II and Tier-III cities.

India Semiconductor Mission 2.0

India Semiconductor Mission 2.0, announced in Budget 2026–27 with an allocation of ₹1,000 crore, aims to strengthen domestic semiconductor manufacturing, develop indigenous equipment and materials, promote full-stack chip design, and build a skilled workforce. Building on the progress of earlier initiatives, the mission focuses on advanced manufacturing, supply chain resilience, and industry-led innovation. With a rapidly growing domestic market expected to reach $100–110 billion by 2030, ISM 2.0 seeks to reduce import dependence, meet 70–75% of India’s chip demand by 2029, and position the country as a trusted global semiconductor hub.

NITI AAYOG’S WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP PLATFORM (WEP) LAUNCHED THE ‘WE RISE 'INITIATIVE

NITI Aayog's Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) launched the 'WE Rise Initiative,' marking a powerful push for women's economic empowerment. Designed around the 'Three Ps'—Patronage, Partnership, and Practice—this digital platform provides customized mentorship and financial linkage to high-potential women-led enterprises.

DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION (DBS): EXPLAINED

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure that uses electrodes to target specific areas of the brain, to help patients with neurological disorders like Parkinson's. DBS can reduce symptoms like tremors and involuntary shaking. However, its high cost and limited accessibility make it largely inaccessible to many people.

URBANIZATION IN INDIA: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

A World Bank report highlights India's potential for economic growth, with 70% of new jobs expected by 2030. However, extreme weather events could result in billions of dollars in future losses. The report identifies population boom and housing shortage as the main challenges, with India's urban population expected to almost double by 2050.

DNA EVIDENCE: SUPREME COURT GUIDELINES EXPLAINED

The Supreme Court has issued guidelines to standardize DNA evidence handling, to ensure consistency and integrity. The guidelines include a "chain of custody" tracking every person handling DNA evidence and requiring trained personnel. Experts suggests robust training programs, infrastructure upgrades, continuous monitoring, strict adherence, and a DNA Technology Regulation Bill.