India’s heavy reliance on lithium-ion batteries exposes it to critical mineral risks and import dependence. Sodium-ion batteries offer a safer, lower-cost, and resource-secure alternative suitable for grid storage and mass mobility. With supportive policy and ecosystem development, they can play a key role in strengthening India’s long-term energy security.
Click to View MoreIndia has revised royalty rates for graphite, caesium, rubidium and zirconium to stimulate domestic exploration and reduce dependence on imported critical minerals vital for clean energy, electronics and strategic sectors. The shift to ad valorem royalties and the lowering of high default rates aim to attract more bidders and improve mining viability. However, despite these reforms, India continues to face deeper challenges such as weak exploration capacity, limited processing infrastructure, low private participation and heavy reliance on global supply chains. Royalty rationalisation is a step forward, but comprehensive reforms across mining, processing and technology ecosystems are essential for true mineral self-reliance.
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