Nearly 30 years after PESA, tribal self-governance remains weak. Some states like Jharkhand notified rules, while others lag. Gram Sabha consent is diluted to consultation, and mining laws override protections. Cases like Mendha Lekha and Niyamgiri show progress and struggle, highlighting the need for legal harmonisation and empowerment.
Click to View MoreThe PESA Act, 1996 aimed to ensure tribal self-rule by empowering Gram Sabhas in Fifth Schedule Areas. Yet weak state rules, administrative apathy, legal conflicts, and poor awareness have diluted its impact. Despite judicial backing, only strong political will, capacity building, and effective implementation can realise its promise.
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