UPSC GS3 Environment

SUPER EL NIÑO: CAUSES, GLOBAL IMPACTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR INDIA

A Super El Niño involves extreme warming of the equatorial Pacific Ocean, severely disrupting global weather. It weakens the Indian monsoon, triggers marine heatwaves, and threatens agricultural yields, requiring urgent climate-resilient planning and robust early warning systems to mitigate localized and macroeconomic disasters.

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INDIA-JAPAN JOINT CREDITING MECHANISM (JCM): ADVANCING CLIMATE COOPERATION UNDER THE PARIS AGREEMENT

The Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) is a bilateral climate framework between India and Japan under Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement. It facilitates low-carbon technology transfer and climate finance, generating shared carbon credits (ITMOs) to help both nations achieve their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) while preventing double counting.

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KANHA NATIONAL PARKRESERVE: ECOLOGY & TRIBAL RIGHTS

Located in Madhya Pradesh, Kanha is one of India’s largest tiger reserves and the inspiration for Kipling’s The Jungle Book. It is famous for saving the Barasingha (swamp deer) from extinction and offers diverse landscapes of lush sal and bamboo forests.

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INDIAN SOFTSHELL TURTLE: HABITATE, FEATURES, IUCN STATUS

Softshell turtles are leathery-shelled freshwater scavengers vital for river health. Protected under Schedule I, they face threats from habitat loss and illegal trade in calipee. Species like Leith’s are critically endangered, requiring urgent conservation across Indian river basins.

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