UPSC Geography notes

URBAN HEAT‑ISLAND EFFECT AND CLIMATE‑RESILIENT CITY PLANNING

The Urban Heat Island effect raises city temperatures due to concrete infrastructure and depleted green cover. Mitigating this requires climate-smart urban planning, green building adoption, reviving water bodies, and implementing robust heat action plans to ensure sustainable Indian cities.

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INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE: MECHANISM, IMPACTS AND WAY FORWARD

The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), often called the "Indian Niño," is a climate pattern caused by sea-surface temperature differences between the western and eastern tropical Indian Ocean. It influences rainfall, droughts, and monsoons across Africa, Asia, and Australia.

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