The B61 is the primary United States thermonuclear gravity bomb. Recent modernization efforts, including the B61-12 Life Extension Program and the B61-13 variant, enhance weapon accuracy, safety, and security without requiring underground nuclear explosive testing.
Click to View MoreFor 35 years, India and Pakistan have exchanged lists of nuclear sites under the 1988 Agreement on Prohibition of Attack against Nuclear Installations. While it reduces risks and endures crises, deep mistrust, narrow scope, and new threats like cyber warfare limit its impact, demanding expansion and fresh strategic dialogue.
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