Dual-use satellites blur the lines between civilian infrastructure and military targets, shifting modern space warfare toward non-kinetic cyberattacks. This trend challenges existing space treaties and International Humanitarian Law, prompting India to develop a dedicated Military Space Doctrine
Micrometeoroids and orbital debris together form a major hazard for spacecraft and astronauts in Earth orbit. Micrometeoroids are naturally occurring tiny particles from asteroids and comets, while orbital debris consists of human-made junk such as defunct satellites and rocket fragments. Concentrated mainly in Low Earth Orbit, these high-velocity particles can damage spacecraft and trigger collision cascades known as the Kessler Syndrome. To address this growing risk, global bodies such as UNCOPUOS and IADC have framed debris-mitigation guidelines, while India has strengthened tracking and collision-avoidance systems through initiatives like Project NETRA and IS4OM. Effective debris management is essential to protect satellites, ensure astronaut safety, and maintain the long-term sustainability of outer space.
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