Airstrikes on Tehran’s oil facilities caused “black rain,” releasing toxic pollutants, PFAS, and carcinogens, creating severe health and environmental risks. The incident exposes gaps in international laws on environmental warfare and underscores the need for stronger legal safeguards, disaster preparedness, and diplomatic conflict resolution.
Click to View MoreInternational law debates pre-emptive strikes between the UN Charter’s ban on force (Article 2(4)) and self-defence rights (Article 51). Anticipatory self-defence under the Caroline Test remains disputed. Meanwhile, International Humanitarian Law regulates warfare, requiring distinction and proportionality to protect civilians and ensure accountability.
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