The protection of neutral shipping during maritime conflicts relies on UNCLOS and the San Remo Manual. Recent attacks in critical chokepoints like the Strait of Hormuz highlight gaps in global governance, threatening India’s energy security, seafarers, and international trade routes.
Click to View MoreDual-use satellites blur the lines between civilian infrastructure and military targets, shifting modern space warfare toward non-kinetic cyberattacks. This trend challenges existing space treaties and International Humanitarian Law, prompting India to develop a dedicated Military Space Doctrine
Airstrikes on Tehran’s oil facilities caused “black rain,” releasing toxic pollutants, PFAS, and carcinogens, creating severe health and environmental risks. The incident exposes gaps in international laws on environmental warfare and underscores the need for stronger legal safeguards, disaster preparedness, and diplomatic conflict resolution.
Click to View MoreInternational law debates pre-emptive strikes between the UN Charter’s ban on force (Article 2(4)) and self-defence rights (Article 51). Anticipatory self-defence under the Caroline Test remains disputed. Meanwhile, International Humanitarian Law regulates warfare, requiring distinction and proportionality to protect civilians and ensure accountability.
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