Geography UPSC

WHY MANGROVES SHIELD COASTS BETTER THAN SEAWALLS

Mangrove forests offer superior, cost-effective coastal protection compared to destructive concrete seawalls. They dissipate wave energy, halt coastal erosion, sequester carbon, and boost local livelihoods, making Ecosystem-based Adaptation essential for India's long-term climate resilience and effective disaster mitigation.

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HOW VOLCANOES AFFECT THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE?

Volcanic eruptions impact Earth's climate by injecting sulfur dioxide and water vapor into the stratosphere. While sulfur aerosols cause global cooling and ozone depletion, human carbon emissions still vastly outpace the natural greenhouse gases released by volcanoes.

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