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Context

• In a rare bird sighting, a Black-necked Grebe was sighted in the Hokersar wetland.

Black-necked Grebe

• The Black-necked Grebe (Podiceps nigricollis) is a species of waterbird belonging to the grebe family.

Distribution:

• The Black-necked Grebe (Podiceps nigricollis) has a widespread distribution, inhabiting various regions across Europe, Asia, and Africa.
• Specific populations can be found in countries such as Spain, France, Turkey, China, India, and South Africa.

Habitat:

• Breeds in freshwater habitats such as lakes, ponds, and marshes with emergent vegetation.
• During the non-breeding season, they can be found in a variety of aquatic habitats, including coastal areas, estuaries, and inland waters.

Nesting:

• Construct floating nests made of plant material anchored to vegetation in the water.
• Typically lay a clutch of eggs, and both parents take turns incubating them.

Diet:

• Primarily carnivorous, feeding on fish, insects, and crustaceans.
• Skilled divers, capable of submerging and chasing prey underwater.

Migration:

• Some populations are migratory, traveling long distances between breeding and wintering grounds.
• Migration routes may include stopovers at suitable wetlands.

Territorial Behaviour

• Display territorial behavior during the breeding season, defending nesting sites.

Disease:

• The Black-necked Grebe, like many bird species, may be susceptible to diseases that can affect wild bird populations.
• Specific diseases could include avian influenza, botulism, and other waterborne diseases.
• Conservation efforts may include monitoring and managing disease risks, especially in areas with dense bird populations.

IUCN Status of Black-necked Grebe:

• Black-necked Grebe is generally assessed as "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red List.
• This designation suggests that the species is not currently facing a high risk of extinction.
• Ongoing monitoring of populations, habitats, and potential threats is crucial for maintaining the species' conservation status.

Hokersar Wetland

• Location: Hokersar Wetland is situated in the northern part of India, specifically in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
• Proximity: The wetland is near the city of Srinagar. The Hokersar wetland, which is the largest bird reserve in the Kashmir Valley is situated in the Jehlum River basin.
• Aquatic Plants: Hokersar supports a variety of aquatic plants, including submerged and emergent species. These plants play a crucial role in providing habitat and food for the diverse fauna.
• Marsh Vegetation: The wetland area likely features marshy vegetation adapted to the fluctuating water levels.
• Avian Species: Hokersar is renowned for its significance as a bird sanctuary, hosting a wide variety of avian species, particularly during the migratory season. This may include waterfowl, waders, and other wetland birds.
• Migratory Birds: Many migratory birds, including ducks, geese, and waders, visit Hokersar during their annual migration, making it an important site for birdwatching and conservation.
• Fish and Invertebrates: The wetland provides a habitat for fish and invertebrates that form the basis of the food web.
• Ramsar Site: Hokersar Wetland has been designated as a Ramsar Site, indicating its international importance for the conservation of wetland ecosystems.

Threats of Hokersar Wetland:

Urbanization and Encroachment:

• Increasing human settlements and infrastructure development may lead to the encroachment of wetland areas, impacting the habitat for flora and fauna.

Pollution:

• Discharge of pollutants from nearby human activities, agriculture, or industries can degrade water quality, affecting the health of the wetland ecosystem.

Climate Change:

• Changes in climate patterns, including alterations in precipitation and temperature, can impact the hydrology of the wetland, affecting both flora and fauna.

Invasive Species:

• The introduction of invasive plant species can outcompete native vegetation, altering the wetland's ecosystem dynamics.

Over-Extraction of Resources:

• Overfishing or excessive harvesting of resources from the wetland can disrupt the balance of the ecosystem, affecting both flora and fauna.

Disturbance from Human Activities:

• Recreational activities, boating, or other forms of human disturbance can disrupt nesting and feeding behaviors of birds and other wildlife.

Addressing these threats requires a comprehensive conservation strategy, involving local communities, government authorities, and environmental organizations. It also emphasizes the importance of sustainable development practices to ensure the long-term health and viability of Hokersar Wetland.

PRACTICE QUESTION Q. Consider the following statements: 1.Black-necked Grebe is considered as Critically endangered in the IUCN Red List. 2.Black-necked Grebe is primarily carnivorous, feeding on fish, insects, and crustaceans. 3.Hokersar Wetland is situated in the Jehlum River basin. Which of the above statements is/are incorrect? A) 1 only B) 2 only C) 3 only D) All Answer: A) 1 only