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Context: The anti-money laundering law expanded over time, granting the Enforcement Directorate police powers, upheld by the Supreme Court, with stringent bail conditions and broadened offences.
Details
Historical Context
The PMLA is designed to achieve three primary objectives βPrevent and Control Money Laundering: By implementing measures to detect, deter, and disrupt activities associated with money laundering. βConfiscate and Seize Proceeds of Crime: Empowering authorities to confiscate and seize properties derived from money laundering activities. βAddress Related Issues: Tackling any other concerns connected with money laundering within India. |
Expansion of ED's Powers
Salient Features of the ACT βPunishment for Money Laundering: Individuals found guilty of money laundering can face rigorous imprisonment ranging from three to seven years, extendable up to ten years for certain offences. βAttachment of Tainted Property: Authorities, under specified conditions, can provisionally attach property believed to be proceeds of crime for a designated period, subject to confirmation by an Adjudicating Authority. βAdjudicating Authority: Responsible for determining whether attached or seized property is involved in money laundering guided by principles of natural justice and empowered to regulate its own procedures. βPresumption in Inter-connected Transactions: In cases involving multiple inter-connected transactions, the presumption is made that all transactions within the chain are part of the money laundering activity. βBurden of Proof: Accused individuals bear the burden of proving that alleged proceeds of crime are lawful property. βAppellate Tribunal and Special Court: Entities designated to hear appeals against orders of the Adjudicating Authority and to try offences under the Act, respectively. |
Impact and Controversies
Criticisms and Judicial Interventions βLow Conviction Rate: The law's effectiveness has been questioned, highlighted by a low conviction rate and concerns about selective targeting. βMisuse and Targeting of Scholars/Activists: Allegations of misuse against political rivals or dissenters raise concerns about the law's application and potential threats to freedom of speech. βJudicial Scrutiny and Amendments: Judicial interventions, such as the Supreme Court's rulings and subsequent reviews, aim to address concerns regarding personal liberty, procedural fairness, and the scope of ED's powers. |
Upheld by the Supreme Court
Conclusion
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Prevention of Money Laundering Act
Source:
PRACTICE QUESTION Q. The Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) has been amended several times over the years, with some arguing for stricter measures and others advocating for a more balanced approach. Critically evaluate the impact of these amendments on the effectiveness of the PMLA in achieving its objectives. Consider the potential unintended consequences and suggest alternative approaches for future amendments. |
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