Indian Constitution allows Governors to assent or reserve bills for President's consideration, but lack of a fixed timeline, which has caused constitutional deadlocks. The Supreme Court has clarified that Governors cannot indefinitely delay decisions and that inaction is subject to judicial review, upholding parliamentary democracy principles and preventing subversion of the elected legislature's will.
Click to View MoreCivil Society Organisations (CSOs) promote democracy and inclusive development. It drives policy reform, deliver essential services, and ensure government accountability. However, it faces challenges from funding restrictions (FCRA) and regulatory burdens, alongside internal trust deficits. The way forward requires a government-CSO partnership, simplified regulations, and enhanced self-accountability.
Click to View MoreGST transformed the indirect tax system, boosting revenue and formalizing the economy, but challenges like the exclusion of petroleum products, a complex rate structure, and delays in dispute resolution require reforms like phased inclusion of excluded sectors and deeper digital integration to achieve the "One Nation, One Tax" ideal and fuel economic growth.
Click to View MoreNaxalism, a major internal security challenge in India, stems from the 1967 Naxalbari uprising. It involves socio-economic and political grievances, land reform failures, tribal displacement, and governance deficits. The current government strategy, SAMADHAN, combines security operations with development projects and good governance, reducing violence. However, a sustained commitment is needed to eliminate the violent threat and address the root causes.
Click to View MoreSimultaneous elections propose holding Lok Sabha and State Assembly polls together to reduce costs, ensure policy continuity, and improve governance. While historically practiced, re-implementation faces constitutional and logistical hurdles. A Parliamentary committee is currently examining its feasibility, and the Lok Sabha recently granted an extension for the committee to submit its report.
Click to View MoreIndian citizenship, governed by the Constitution and the 1955 Citizenship Act, faces immense challenges. Controversial reforms like the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) and the National Register of Citizens (NRC) have created legal ambiguities, social division, and widespread fears of statelessness, fundamentally altering the nation's secular fabric.
Click to View MoreIndia must strengthen democracy by ensuring transparent political funding, curbing electoral malpractices, and boosting voter participation. Reforms like VVPAT, debates on electoral bonds, and proposals for simultaneous elections highlight the need for continuous legal and procedural changes to safeguard electoral integrity and uphold the Constitution’s mandate for free and fair elections.
Click to View MoreThe Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) reported that nearly 20% of groundwater samples exceeded permissible pollutant limits, increasing chronic disease risks. Key contaminants include nitrates (over half of districts), fluoride (over 9% of samples), arsenic, and uranium, found in various regions like Punjab, Bihar, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana, along with other heavy metals.
Click to View MoreIndian prisons face severe overcrowding, undertrial delays, poor infrastructure, custodial violence, and lack of rehabilitation. The Model Prisons Act, 2023 and tech-driven reforms aim to modernize the system. India must shift from punishment to rehabilitation, uphold inmate rights, and ensure justice through efficient legal aid, humane treatment, and accountability.
Click to View MoreEducation for All (EFA) in Tamil Nadu is a comprehensive approach to education that promotes equitable participation, learning outcomes, and relevant skills. It has achieved high gross enrolment ratios and focuses on social justice, equity, access to education, and cultural identity. Other states can learn from Tamil Nadu's model.
Click to View MoreThe Ministry of Law and Justice is promoting Arbitration and Mediation in the country to improve accessibility and speedy trials. The Mediation Act 2023 provides a statutory framework for mediation, encouraging pre-litigation for civil and commercial disputes. Challenges include lack of awareness, quality, and infrastructure.
Click to View More
© 2025 iasgyan. All right reserved
