India’s pension system is evolving from a limited government-backed entitlement framework to a broader, contributory, and market-linked architecture. While schemes like NPS, APY, PM-SYM and digital reforms have widened access and increased assets to over ₹16 lakh crore, coverage remains uneven—especially for informal workers, who form the majority of the labour force. Key challenges persist in pension adequacy, fiscal sustainability, and public awareness. Strengthening inclusion, improving returns, and building trust are central to shaping a more secure retirement landscape for India’s ageing population.
Click to View MoreIndia’s public debt, currently around 57% of GDP, has been rising due to persistent fiscal deficits, growing welfare and infrastructure spending, and higher interest costs. High debt limits fiscal flexibility, increases taxpayer burden, and can slow economic growth. The government is addressing this through fiscal consolidation, tax reforms, optimized expenditure, and debt management strategies, aiming for a sustainable debt-to-GDP ratio of 50% by FY31 while supporting economic growth.
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