Neurotechnology refers to tools that read or influence brain activity, offering major benefits in healthcare, communication, and assistive devices. However, it raises serious concerns about mental privacy, manipulation, data misuse, and human autonomy. UNESCO’s 2025 recommendations provide the first global ethical framework to ensure responsible innovation, protect neural data, safeguard cognitive freedom, and prevent harmful uses in political, commercial, or medical settings. The way forward lies in strong regulation, recognition of neurorights, secure handling of neurodata, and promoting ethical and inclusive technological development.
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