ADVENT OF EUROPEANS AND CONSOLIDATION OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA

Q1. With reference to Indian history, consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE Pre. 2022)

1. The Dutch established their factories/warehouses on the east coast on lands granted to them by Gajapati rulers.
2. Alfonso de Albuquerque captured Goa from the Bijapur Sultanate.
3. The English East India Company established a factory at Madras on a plot of land leased from a representative of the Vijayanagara empire.
   Which of the statements given above are correct?
    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3
    Answer: (b) 2 and 3 only

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is incorrect: The Dutch did establish trading posts and factories along the east coast of India, especially in Pulicat (1610) on the Coromandel Coast. However, the claim that they received land from the Gajapati rulers is historically inaccurate. By the early 17th century, the Gajapati kingdom had lost prominence, and the Dutch often negotiated with local Nayakas or smaller regional powers.
• Statement 2 is correct: Alfonso de Albuquerque, a prominent Portuguese general and administrator, captured Goa in 1510 from the Bijapur Sultanate, ruled by the Adil Shahi dynasty. This marked the beginning of Portuguese dominance on the west coast of India, making Goa the capital of Portuguese India.
• Statement 3 is correct: In 1639, the English East India Company obtained land from Damarla Venkatadri Nayaka, a chieftain under the declining Vijayanagara Empire, to build a fortified factory. This eventually became Fort St. George and the modern city of Madras (Chennai).

Q2. In the first quarter of seventeenth century, in which of the following was/were the factory/factories of the English East India Company located? (UPSC CSE Pre. 2021)

1. Broach
2. Chicacole
3. Trichinopoly
   Select the correct answer using the code given below:
    (a) 1 only
    (b) 1 and 2
    (c) 3 only
    (d) 2 and 3
    Answer: (a) 1 only

Explanation:

• The first quarter of the 17th century (1600–1625) marked the early expansion of the English East India Company's trade presence in India.
• Broach (modern Bharuch), located in Gujarat, was one of the key port cities where the Company established a factory. It was part of their growing network along the west coast and a key location for trade in textiles and indigo.
• Chicacole (now Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh) and Trichinopoly (now Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu) did not host English factories during this early phase. These regions came under English control or influence much later.
• Hence, only Broach is a correct answer for this time period.

Q3. With reference to the history of India, consider the following pairs: (UPSC CSE Pre. 2020)

1. Aurang – In-charge of treasury of the State
2. Banian – Indian agent of the East India Company
3. Mirasidar – Designated revenue payer to the State
   Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3
    Answer: (b) 2 and 3 only

Explanation:

• Pair 1 (Aurang) is incorrect: Aurang does not refer to a person or a treasury official. It is derived from Persian and means a workshop, warehouse or market for goods, especially textiles. It was commonly used to describe urban commercial centers during the Mughal period.
• Pair 2 (Banian) is correct: A Banian was an Indian middleman, broker, or commercial agent, often employed by European trading companies. These individuals acted as intermediaries between the British and Indian markets and were crucial in managing local trade and finances.
• Pair 3 (Mirasidar) is correct: Mirasidars were hereditary landholders in South India, particularly in Tamil Nadu, who paid land revenue to the colonial or pre-colonial state. They held miras, or hereditary rights, to cultivate and collect revenue from specific lands.

Q4. Which of the following statements correctly explain the impact of Industrial Revolution on India during the first half of the nineteenth century? (UPSC CSE Pre. 2020)
(a) Indian handicrafts were ruined.
(b) Machines were introduced in the Indian textile industry in large numbers.
 (c) Railway lines were laid in many parts of the country.
 (d) Heavy duties were imposed on the imports of British manufactures.
 Answer: (a) Indian handicrafts were ruined.

Explanation:

• The Industrial Revolution in Britain (mid-18th to early 19th century) brought about rapid mechanized production of goods, particularly textiles. These cheap, factory-made British goods were imported into India, destroying the demand for traditional Indian handicrafts.
• Indian artisans, who had once produced some of the finest cotton and silk textiles in the world, were pushed out of work due to this flood of imports and the deliberate colonial policies that favored British industries over indigenous crafts.
• Options (b) and (c) are not applicable to the first half of the 19th century. Railways were introduced only in 1853, and large-scale mechanization in Indian industries occurred much later.
• Option (d) is also incorrect because the British imposed heavy duties on Indian goods, not on British imports.

Q5. The staple commodities of export by the English East India Company from Bengal in the middle of the 18th century were: (UPSC CSE Pre. 2018)
(a) Raw cotton, oil-seeds and opium
(b) Sugar, salt, zinc and lead
 (c) Copper, silver, gold, spices and tea
 (d) Cotton, silk, saltpetre and opium
 Answer: (d) Cotton, silk, saltpetre and opium

Explanation:

• By the mid-18th century, Bengal had become a key base of British economic interests. Its fertile land and thriving artisan industries produced fine cotton and silk textiles that were highly sought after in Europe.
• Saltpetre (potassium nitrate), used in making gunpowder, was another major export, especially to Europe where demand for military supplies was high.
• Opium, though cultivated in Bihar and parts of Bengal, became a valuable commodity in trade with China. The Company promoted its cultivation for export, particularly during the lead-up to the Opium Wars.
• The items listed in options (a), (b), and (c) were either less relevant to Bengal or not the staple exports of this period.

Q6. Economically, one of the results of the British rule in India in the 19th century was the (UPSC CSE Pre. 2018)
(a) increase in the export of Indian handicrafts
(b) growth in the number of Indian owned factories
 (c) commercialization of Indian agriculture
 (d) rapid increase in the urban population
 Answer: (c) commercialization of Indian agriculture

Explanation:

• The 19th century witnessed the transformation of Indian agriculture from a subsistence-based system to a market-oriented one under colonial policies.
• Indian farmers were increasingly coerced to grow cash crops like cotton, indigo, opium, and jute, not for local use but to serve British industrial and trade needs.
• This led to the neglect of food crops, increased dependency on foreign markets, and vulnerability to famines and price shocks.
• The other options are incorrect:
  • (a) Handicrafts exports declined due to competition from British manufactured goods.
  • (b) Indian-owned factories remained minimal.
  • (d) Urban population growth was slow, and most of India remained agrarian.

Q7. Consider the following: (UPSC CSE Pre. 2014)

1. Assessment of land revenue on the basis of nature of the soil and the quality of crops.
2. Use of mobile cannons in warfare.
3. Cultivation of tobacco and red chillies.
   Which of the above was/were introduced into India by the English?
    (a) 1 only
    (b) 1 and 2
    (c) 2 and 3
    (d) None
    Answer: (a) 1 only

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct: The British introduced scientific land revenue assessments under systems like the Ryotwari and Mahalwari. These assessments often considered the soil type, crop yield, and seasonal variations to calculate revenue.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: The use of mobile cannons predates British arrival. It was first introduced in India by Babur during the First Battle of Panipat (1526).
• Statement 3 is incorrect: Tobacco and red chillies were introduced into India by the Portuguese in the 16th century, not by the British.

Q8. During the time of which Mughal Emperor did the English East India Company establish its first factory in India? (UPSC CSE Pre. 2013)
(a) Akbar
(b) Jahangir
 (c) Shahjahan
 (d) Aurangzeb
 Answer: (b) Jahangir

Explanation:

• The English East India Company was founded in 1600 and soon began looking for trading opportunities in India, which was then under Mughal rule.
• The Company sent its first mission led by Captain William Hawkins in 1608, seeking permission from the Mughal Emperor to establish a trading post. Although this attempt failed, a second mission led by Sir Thomas Roe proved more successful.
• In 1615, Sir Thomas Roe was granted permission by Emperor Jahangir to establish a factory (trading post) at Surat, marking the beginning of formal English trade in India.
• This laid the foundation for a series of English establishments along the western coast, eventually leading to deeper political involvement.
• Thus, the first English factory in India was established during the reign of Emperor Jahangir (1605–1627).

REBELLIONS AND REFORM MOVEMENTS

Q1. Who among the following was associated as Secretary with Hindu Female School which later came to be known as Bethune Female School? (UPSC CSE Pre. 2021)
(a) Annie Besant
(b) Debendranath Tagore
 (c) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
 (d) Sarojini Naidu
 Answer: (c) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

Explanation:

• The Hindu Female School, established in 1849 in Calcutta by John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune, was a pioneering institution for girls’ education in India.
• Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, a prominent social reformer, educator, and advocate for women's rights, served as the Secretary of the School. He played a crucial role in its development and promotion.
• In 1856, the school was renamed Bethune Female School, and later became Bethune College, one of the first women’s colleges in India.
• The other options are incorrect as they were not associated with the founding or administration of the school.

Q2. The Self-Respect Movement was initiated by (UPSC CSE Pre. 2021)
(a) B.R. Ambedkar
(b) Jyotiba Phule
 (c) E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker
 (d) Jawaharlal Nehru
 Answer: (c) E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker

Explanation:

• The Self-Respect Movement was launched by V. Ramaswamy Naicker, popularly known as Periyar, in Tamil Nadu in 1925.
• It was a radical social reform movement that aimed to challenge Brahmanical dominance, end caste discrimination, and promote rationalism and gender equality.
• The movement encouraged self-respect and dignity among the oppressed classes, particularly the non-Brahmin castes, and sought to remove the stigma associated with caste hierarchy.
• Periyar became a central figure in the Dravidian movement, which later influenced Tamil politics significantly.

Q3. In the context of Indian history, the Rakhmabai case of 1884 revolved around (UPSC CSE Pre. 2020)

1. women's right to gain education
2. age of consent
3. restitution of conjugal rights
   Select the correct answer using the code given below:
    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3
    Answer: (b) 2 and 3 only

Explanation:

• Rakhmabai was one of the first practicing women doctors in colonial India and became a symbol of women's emancipation.
• The case arose when her husband, whom she had married as a child, filed a suit for restitution of conjugal rights. Rakhmabai refused to live with him, which led to a famous court case.
• The case sparked debates on women's autonomy, the age of consent, and forced conjugal relations within child marriage.
• Although education was part of Rakhmabai’s personal journey, the legal case itself was not directly about women’s education, hence statement 1 is not correct in this context.

Q4. Indigo cultivation in India declined by the beginning of the 20th century because of (UPSC CSE Pre. 2020)
(a) peasant resistance to the oppressive conduct of planters
(b) its unprofitability in the world market because of new inventions
 (c) national leaders' opposition to the cultivation of indigo
 (d) Government control over the planters
 Answer: (b) its unprofitability in the world market because of new inventions

Explanation:

• Although peasant resistance played a key role earlier (notably the Indigo Revolt of 1859-60), the final blow to indigo cultivation came with the invention of synthetic dyes in Germany.
• These artificial indigo dyes were cheaper and more efficient, leading to a sharp decline in the global demand for natural indigo.
• As a result, indigo became unprofitable, and planters gradually abandoned its cultivation in India by the early 20th century.
• Nationalist opposition and government actions were not the primary causes of the decline at that time.

Q5. With reference to the history of India, "Ulgulan" or the Great Tumult is the description of which of the following events? (UPSC CSE Pre. 2020)
(a) The Revolt of 1857
(b) The Mappila Rebellion of 1921
 (c) The Indigo Revolt of 1859–60
 (d) Birsa Munda’s Revolt of 1899–1900
 Answer: (d) Birsa Munda’s Revolt of 1899–1900

Explanation:

• “Ulgulan”, meaning “Great Tumult” in the Mundari language, refers to the revolt led by tribal leader Birsa Munda in the Chotanagpur plateau.
• The rebellion was aimed at ending British exploitation, particularly their control over land and forests, and the oppression by moneylenders and missionaries.
• Birsa Munda also combined religious revivalism with political action, declaring himself a messiah and rallying the Munda tribe.
• Although the revolt was suppressed, it highlighted tribal resistance and led to land reforms under the Chotanagpur Tenancy Act, 1908.

Q6. After the Santhal Uprising subsided, what was/were the measure/measures taken by the colonial government? (UPSC CSE Pre. 2018)

1. The territories called 'Santhal Parganas' were created.
2. It became illegal for a Santhal to transfer land to a non-Santhal.
   Select the correct answer using the code given below:
    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 only
    (c) Both 1 and 2
    (d) Neither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2

Explanation:

• The Santhal Rebellion (1855–56) was a tribal revolt against land alienation, moneylenders, and British revenue policies.
• After the revolt, the British created a separate district called Santhal Parganas in 1855, carved out of Bhagalpur and Birbhum districts, to give the Santhals administrative autonomy.
• To protect tribal land rights, laws were passed to make it illegal for Santhals to transfer land to non-Santhals, curbing exploitation.
• Both statements reflect concrete colonial measures taken post-rebellion.

Q7. Which among the following events happened earliest? (UPSC CSE Pre. 2018)
(a) Swami Dayanand established Arya Samaj.
(b) Dinabandhu Mitra wrote Neel Darpan.
 (c) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote Anandmath.
 (d) Satyendranath Tagore became the first Indian to succeed in the Indian Civil Services Examination.
 Answer: (b) Dinabandhu Mitra wrote Neel Darpan

Explanation:
 Let’s look at the timeline:

• Dinabandhu Mitra's Neel Darpan – 1858–59, a play about the oppression of indigo farmers.
• Satyendranath Tagore – Cleared ICS in 1863.
• Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s Anandmath – Published in 1882.
• Swami Dayanand Saraswati founded Arya Samaj – 1875.
  Hence, (b) is the earliest event.

Q8. The Trade Disputes Act of 1929 provided for (UPSC CSE Pre. 2017)
(a) the participation of workers in the management of industries
(b) arbitrary powers to the management to quell industrial disputes
 (c) an intervention by the British Court in the event of a trade dispute
 (d) a system of tribunals and a ban on strikes
 Answer: (d) a system of tribunals and a ban on strikes

Explanation:

• The Trade Disputes Act of 1929 was passed by the British government in response to increasing industrial unrest in colonial India.
• The Act provided for compulsory arbitration and the establishment of tribunals to settle disputes.
• It prohibited strikes and lockouts in public utility services without prior notice and aimed to suppress the growing trade union activities.
• It did not grant workers any participatory rights, nor did it empower courts or management in the ways suggested in the other options.

Q9. Satya Shodhak Samaj organized (UPSC CSE Pre. 2016)
(a) a movement for upliftment of tribals in Bihar
(b) a temple-entry movement in Gujarat
 (c) an anti-caste movement in Maharashtra
 (d) a peasant movement in Punjab
 Answer: (c) an anti-caste movement in Maharashtra

Explanation:

• Satya Shodhak Samaj was founded in 1873 by Jyotiba Phule in Maharashtra.
• It focused on promoting social equality, education, and the upliftment of lower castes, especially the Shudras and Dalits.
• The movement strongly criticized Brahmanical dominance and caste-based discrimination, making it one of the earliest anti-caste reform movements in India.
• It worked for women’s rights, widow remarriage, and education for the marginalized.

Q 10. Consider the following:

1. Calcutta Unitarian Committee
2. Tabernacle of New Dispensation
3. Indian Reform Association
   Keshav Chandra Sen is associated with the establishment of which of the above? (UPSC CSE Pre. 2015)**
    (a) 1 and 3 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3
    Answer: (b) 2 and 3 only

Explanation:

• Keshav Chandra Sen, a prominent 19th-century social and religious reformer, was initially associated with the Brahmo Samaj.
• He founded the Indian Reform Association in 1870, which worked on multiple social fronts such as women’s education, temperance, and literature for the masses.
• He also established the Tabernacle of New Dispensation in 1881, which was his attempt to universalize religion by blending the best moral teachings of various faiths.
• The Calcutta Unitarian Committee (1821) was founded earlier by Rammohan Roy and others; Keshav Chandra was not associated with its formation.
  Hence, statements 2 and 3 are correct.

Q11. The demand for the Tebhaga Peasant Movement in Bengal was for (UPSC CSE Pre. 2015)
(a) the reduction of the share of the landlords from one-half of the crop to one-third
(b) the grant of ownership of land to peasants as they were the actual cultivators of the land
 (c) the uprooting of Zamindari system and the end of serfdom
 (d) writing off all peasant debts
 Answer: (a) the reduction of the share of the landlords from one-half of the crop to one-third

Explanation:

• The Tebhaga Movement emerged in 1946–47 in Bengal, led by the All India Kisan Sabha, affiliated with the Communist Party of India.
  
  
• At the time, sharecroppers (called bargadars) had to give half (50%) of their produce to landlords.
  
  
• The movement demanded that only one-third (Tebhaga) of the produce be given to landlords, and that storage should be done at the peasants’ homes, not landlords’.
  
  
• It was a major agrarian movement and reflected deep dissatisfaction with colonial agrarian relations, but it did not demand land ownership outright (as in option b) or debt cancellation.

Q12. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding Brahmo Samaj? (UPSC CSE Pre. 2014)

1. It opposed idolatry.
2. It denied the need for a priestly class for interpreting the religious texts.
3. It popularized the doctrine that the Vedas are infallible.
   Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
    (a) 1 only
    (b) 1 and 2 only
    (c) 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3
    Answer: (b) 1 and 2 only
   Explanation:

• The Brahmo Samaj, founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1828, aimed at purifying Hinduism and promoting monotheism.
• It rejected idolatry, opposed caste distinctions, and stood against rituals and superstition.
• The Samaj emphasized rational interpretation of scriptures and thus denied the need for a priestly class.
• It did not uphold the infallibility of the Vedas — in fact, it rejected the Vedas as the sole authority. That idea is more closely aligned with Dayananda Saraswati's Arya Samaj, not Brahmo Samaj.
  Hence, statements 1 and 2 are correct, while 3 is not.

Q13. During Indian freedom struggle, the National Social Conference was formed. What was the reason for its formation? (UPSC CSE Pre. 2014)
(a) Different social reform groups or organizations of Bengal region united to form a single body to discuss the issues of larger interest and to prepare appropriate petitions/representations to the government
(b) Indian National Congress did not want to include social reforms in its deliberations and decided to form a separate body for such a purpose
 (c) Behramji Malabari and M. G. Ranade decided to bring together all the social reform groups of the country under one organization
 (d) None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given above is correct in this context
 Answer: (b) Indian National Congress did not want to include social reforms in its deliberations and decided to form a separate body for such a purpose

Explanation:

• The National Social Conference (NSC) was established in 1887 by G. Ranade and Raghunath Rao as a social reform parallel to the Indian National Congress (INC).
• At the time, the INC was reluctant to discuss social issues such as caste discrimination, widow remarriage, or women’s education, fearing it might divide the nationalist unity.
• As a result, reformers who were also part of the Congress formed the NSC to focus on social upliftment and legislation, while the INC focused on political reforms.
• Hence, statement (b) accurately explains the context and motivation for the NSC’s creation.

EMERGENCE OF INDIAN NATIONALISM [1857-1919]

Q1. Consider the following freedom fighters:

1. Barindra Kumar Ghosh
2. Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee
3. Rash Behari Bose
   Who of the above was/were actively associated with the Ghadar Party? [UPSC CSE Pre 2022]
    (a) 1 and 2
    (b) 2 only
    (c) 1 and 3
    (d) 3 only
    Answer: (d) 3 only

Explanation:
 Barindra Kumar Ghosh was associated with the revolutionary newspaper Yugantar and worked primarily within India. Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee was also involved in revolutionary activities but wasn't directly linked to the Ghadar Party. Rash Behari Bose, however, was closely associated with the Ghadar movement. The Ghadar Party, founded by Indian expatriates in North America in 1913, aimed to overthrow British rule through armed revolution. Bose collaborated with them to organize the failed Ghadar Mutiny in 1915 and later played a vital role in founding the Indian National Army (INA) in Japan.

Q2. Which one of the following is not a political method of the moderates in the National Movement? [UPSC CSE Pre. 2021]
(a) Overthrow of alien rule
(b) Constitutional agitation
 (c) Slow, orderly political progress
 (d) Mobilisation of public opinion
 Answer: (a) Overthrow of alien rule

Explanation:
Moderates (early nationalists active between 1885–1905) believed in gradual reform through dialogue, petitions, and appeals to the British sense of justice. They opposed revolutionary means or violent overthrow. Their primary political methods included constitutional agitation, mobilizing public opinion, and pursuing slow, legal reforms. The idea of overthrowing British rule was alien to their ideology and was championed later by the extremists.

Q3. With reference to Swadeshi Movement, consider the following statements: [UPSC CSE Pre. 2019]

1. It contributed to the revival of the indigenous artisan crafts and industries.
2. The National Council of Education was established as a part of Swadeshi Movement.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 only
    (c) Both 1 and 2
    (d) Neither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2

Explanation:
The Swadeshi Movement (1905–08) arose in response to the Partition of Bengal. It promoted indigenous industries and crafts as a way to boycott British goods, thereby reviving traditional artisan practices and boosting local production. Also, the National Council of Education (1906) was established in Bengal to provide national education free from colonial control. It was one of the most significant institutional outcomes of the movement, aiming to provide scientific and technical education through Indian languages.

Q4. Consider the following pairs: [UPSC CSE Pre. 2017]

1. Radhakanta Deb – First President of the British Indian Association
2. Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty – Founder of the Madras Mahajana Sabha
3. Surendranath Banerjee – Founder of the Indian Association
   Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?
    (a) 1 only
    (b) 1 and 3 only
    (c) 2 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3
    Answer: (b) 1 and 3 only

Explanation:

• Radhakanta Deb was indeed the first President of the British Indian Association, established in 1851.
• Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty was an important figure in Madras but not the founder of Madras Mahajana Sabha (founded in 1884).
• Surendranath Banerjee founded the Indian Association in 1876 to promote Indian political interests.

Thus, only 1 and 3 are correct.

Q5. What was the main reason for the split in the Indian National Congress at Surat in 1907? [UPSC CSE Pre. 2016]
(a) Introduction of communalism into Indian politics by Lord Minto.
(b) Extremists' lack of faith in the capacity of the moderates to negotiate with the British Government.
 (c) Foundation of Muslim League.
 (d) Aurobindo Ghosh's inability to be elected as the President of the Indian National Congress.
 Answer: (b) Extremists' lack of faith in the capacity of the moderates to negotiate with the British Government

Explanation:
 The 1907 Surat Split was a clash between the Moderates (led by Gokhale) and the Extremists (led by Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai). The extremists believed in direct action like boycott and passive resistance, while the moderates still relied on constitutional means. The divide intensified when moderates attempted to prevent Tilak from becoming President. Though Aurobindo was involved in the Extremist camp, the split wasn’t about his presidency. The main reason was ideological — Extremists’ growing dissatisfaction with Moderate methods.

Q6. The ‘Swadeshi’ and ‘Boycott’ were adopted as methods of struggle for the first time during the — [UPSC CSE Pre. 2016]
(a) Agitation against the Partition of Bengal
(b) Home Rule Movement
 (c) Non-Cooperation Movement
 (d) Visit of the Simon Commission to India
 Answer: (a) Agitation against the Partition of Bengal

Explanation:
 The Swadeshi and Boycott movements began as reactions to Lord Curzon’s Partition of Bengal in 1905. The strategy involved the boycott of British goods and the promotion of indigenous alternatives, marking the beginning of mass-based politics. Later, these methods were adopted in the Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements too.

Q7. Who of the following was/were economic critic/critics of colonialism in India? [UPSC CSE Pre. 2015]

Dadabhai Naoroji

Subramania Iyer

C. Dutt
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
 (a) 1 only
 (b) 1 and 2 only
 (c) 2 and 3 only
 (d) 1, 2 and 3
 Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3

Explanation:

• Dadabhai Naoroji is famous for his 'Drain of Wealth' theory, which highlighted how Britain was impoverishing India.
• Subramania Iyer, founder of The Hindu, exposed colonial economic policies in his writings.
• C. Dutt authored Economic History of India, critically analyzing British economic exploitation.
  All three played key roles in critiquing colonial economic policies.

Q8. Which one of the following movements has contributed to a split in the Indian National Congress resulting in the emergence of 'moderates' and 'extremists'? [UPSC CSE Pre. 2015]
(a) Swadeshi Movement
(b) Quit India Movement
 (c) Non-Cooperation Movement
 (d) Civil Disobedience Movement
 Answer: (a) Swadeshi Movement

Explanation:
 The Swadeshi Movement (1905–08) triggered internal ideological rifts in Congress. Moderates wanted petitions and gradual reforms, while Extremists supported mass agitation and boycott. This rift culminated in the Surat Split of 1907, formally dividing the Congress into two ideological camps.

Q9. Consider the following statements [UPSC CSE Pre. 2015]

The first woman President of the Indian National Congress was Sarojini Naidu.

The first Muslim President of the Indian National Congress was Badruddin Tyabji.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
 (a) 1 only
 (b) 2 only
 (c) Both 1 and 2
 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
 Answer: (b) 2 only

Explanation:

• Sarojini Naidu was not the first woman President; it was Annie Besant in 1917. Sarojini Naidu became the first Indian woman President in 1925.
• Badruddin Tyabji was indeed the first Muslim President of the INC in 1887.

Thus, only statement 2 is correct.

Q10. The Partition of Bengal made by Lord Curzon in 1905 lasted until [UPSC CSE Pre. 2014]
(a) the First World War when Indian troops were needed by the British and the partition was ended.
(b) King George V abrogated Curzon’s Act at the Royal Durbar in Delhi in 1911.
 (c) Gandhiji launched his Civil Disobedience Movement.
 (d) the Partition of India in 1947 when East Bengal became East Pakistan.
 Answer: (b) King George V abrogated Curzon’s Act at the Royal Durbar in Delhi in 1911

Explanation:
 The Partition of Bengal (1905) was deeply unpopular and faced severe resistance via the Swadeshi Movement. In response, the British reversed it in 1911, during the Delhi Durbar held to mark the coronation of King George V. Alongside, the capital was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi. This marked a tactical concession by the British to curb unrest.

Q11. The Ghadr (Ghadar) was a – [UPSC CSE Pre. 2014]
(a) revolutionary association of Indians with headquarters at San Francisco
(b) nationalist organization operating from Singapore
 (c) militant organization with headquarters at Berlin
 (d) communist movement for India's freedom with headquarters at Tashkent
 Answer: (a) revolutionary association of Indians with headquarters at San Francisco

Explanation:
 The Ghadar Party was established in 1913 by Indian immigrants (mainly Punjabis) in San Francisco, USA, with the goal of overthrowing British rule in India through armed rebellion. Its founding members included Lala Hardayal, Sohan Singh Bhakna, and others. They published a newspaper called Ghadar, which promoted the revolutionary cause. The movement attempted an armed uprising in 1915, which was ultimately foiled, but it inspired future revolutionary movements.

Q12. The Ilbert Bill controversy was related to the – [UPSC CSE Pre. 2013]
(a) imposition of certain restrictions to carry arms by the Indians
(b) imposition of restrictions on newspapers and magazines published in Indian languages
 (c) removal of disqualifications imposed on the Indian magistrates with regard to the trial of the Europeans
 (d) removal of a duty on imported cotton cloth
 Answer: (c) removal of disqualifications imposed on the Indian magistrates with regard to the trial of the Europeans

Explanation:
 The Ilbert Bill, introduced in 1883 by Viceroy Lord Ripon, aimed to allow Indian judges to try European British subjects in criminal cases. This led to strong opposition from the British community in India, who considered themselves racially superior. The controversy exposed the deep racial bias within colonial administration and ignited Indian public opinion, contributing to the rise of nationalist sentiment. Eventually, the bill was modified to satisfy British demands.

Q13. Consider the following statements: The most effective contribution made by Dadabhai Naoroji to the cause of Indian National Movement was that he – [UPSC CSE Pre. 2013]

exposed the economic exploitation of India by the British

interpreted the ancient Indian texts and restored the self-confidence of Indians

stressed the need for eradication of all the social evils before anything else
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
 (a) 1 only
 (b) 2 and 3 only
 (c) 1 and 3 only
 (d) 1, 2 and 3
 Answer: (a) 1 only

Explanation:
 Dadabhai Naoroji was one of the early economic nationalists. His most significant contribution was the ‘Drain of Wealth’ theory, which highlighted how British policies were systematically impoverishing India by transferring wealth to Britain. This theory laid the foundation for economic critiques of colonialism.

• He did not focus on interpreting religious texts, unlike Swami Vivekananda or Dayanand Saraswati.
  
  
• While he was socially conscious, eradicating social evils was not his primary focus in the nationalist movement.
  

  ERA OF MASS NATIONALISM [1919 - 1947]

Q1.With reference to the proposals of Cripps Mission, consider the following statements:

Statement 1: The Constituent Assembly would have members nominated by the Provincial Assemblies as well as the Princely States.
Statement 2: Any Province, which is not prepared to accept the new Constitution would have the right to sign a separate agreement with Britain regarding its future status.
 Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
 [UPSC CSE Pre 2022]
 (a) 1 only
 (b) 2 only
 (c) Both 1 and 2
 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
 Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2

Explanation:
 The Cripps Mission came to India in 1942 to secure Indian cooperation during World War II by offering constitutional reforms. It proposed that a Constituent Assembly would be formed after the war. Members of this Assembly would be partly elected by the Provincial Assemblies and partly nominated by the Indian princely rulers. Moreover, the plan allowed any province that did not accept the new constitution to remain outside the Indian Union and negotiate its own terms with the British. Both provisions were key highlights of the Mission’s proposals, and hence both statements are correct.

Q2. With reference to 8th August, 1942 in Indian history, which one of the following statements is correct? [UPSC CSE Pre 2021]
(a) The Quit India Resolution was adopted by the AICC
 (b) The Viceroy's Executive Council was expanded to include more Indians
 (c) The Congress ministries resigned in seven provinces
 (d) Cripps proposed an Indian Union with full Dominion Status once the Second World War was over
 Answer: (a) The Quit India Resolution was adopted by the AICC

Explanation:
 On 8th August 1942, during a meeting at Gowalia Tank Maidan in Bombay, the All India Congress Committee (AICC) passed the Quit India Resolution, marking the beginning of the Quit India Movement. This was a mass civil disobedience movement demanding an end to British rule. The resolution was introduced by Mahatma Gandhi and received overwhelming support. The other options refer to different events not related to this specific date.

Q3. In India, the first major public appearance of Mahatma Gandhi was in
[UPSC CSE Pre 2021]
(a) Champaran (1917)
 (b) Kheda (1918)
 (c) Inauguration of Banaras Hindu University (1916)
 (d) Rowlatt Satyagraha (1919)
 Answer: (c) Inauguration of Banaras Hindu University (1916)

Explanation:
 Although Gandhi led major movements like Champaran and Kheda in subsequent years, his first major public appearance in India after returning from South Africa was at the inauguration of Banaras Hindu University in 1916. During the event, he made a powerful speech criticizing the elitism of Indian princes and British rule. It marked his entry into Indian political life at the national level.

Q4. Who among the following founded the Bhil Seva Mandal in 1922? [UPSC CSE Pre 2021]
(a) Dayaram Gidumal
 (b) Gurusaday Dutt
 (c) Dhondo Keshav Karve
 (d) Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar
 Answer: (d) Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar

Explanation:
 Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar, popularly known as Thakkar Bapa, was a dedicated social reformer and Gandhian who founded the Bhil Seva Mandal in 1922 to serve the Bhil tribal community in Gujarat. His contributions to tribal welfare and upliftment earned him recognition across India, and he later became a key figure in the Harijan Sevak Sangh founded by Gandhi.

Q5. In the context of Colonial India, Shah Nawaz Khan, Prem Kumar Sehgal and Gurhaksh Singh Dhillon are remembered as [UPSC CSE Pre 2021]
(a) leaders of Swadeshi and Boycott Movement
 (b) members of the Interim Government in 1946
 (c) members of the Drafting Committee in the Constituent Assembly
 (d) officers of the Indian National Army
 Answer: (d) officers of the Indian National Army

Explanation:
 These three individuals were prominent officers of the Indian National Army (INA) formed by Subhas Chandra Bose. They were captured by the British and tried at the Red Fort in 1945–46, a move that ignited massive nationalist sentiments and mass protests throughout the country. Their trial played a pivotal role in uniting Indians across political lines in support of the INA and hastened the end of colonial rule.

Q6. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact included which of the following?

Invitation to Congress to participate in the Round Table Conference

Withdrawal of Ordinances promulgated in connection with the Civil Disobedience Movement

Acceptance of Gandhiji's suggestion for enquiry into police excesses

Release of only those prisoners who were not charged with violence
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
 [UPSC CSE Pre 2020]
 (a) 1 only
 (b) 1, 2 and 4 only
 (c) 3 only
 (d) 2, 3 and 4 only
 Answer: (b) 1, 2 and 4 only

Explanation:
 The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed in March 1931, following the first phase of the Civil Disobedience Movement. As per the agreement, the British government agreed to invite Congress to the Second Round Table Conference, release political prisoners not involved in violence, and withdraw repressive ordinances. However, Gandhi's request for an inquiry into police excesses during the Salt Satyagraha was not accepted. Hence, statements 1, 2, and 4 are correct, while 3 is incorrect.

Q7. Consider the following pairs: [UPSC CSE Pre. 2019]

All India Anti-Untouchability League – Mahatma Gandhi
All India Kisan Sabha – Swami Sahajanand Saraswati

Self-Respect Movement – E.V. Ramaswami Naicker
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
 (a) 1 only
 (b) 1 and 2 only
 (c) 2 and 3 only
 (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3

Explanation:

1. The All India Anti-Untouchability League was founded by Mahatma Gandhi in 1932 to combat untouchability and promote social equality. This initiative later became known as the Harijan Sevak Sangh.
2. The All India Kisan Sabha was founded in 1936 at the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress and was led by Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, a prominent peasant leader from Bihar. He worked extensively for agrarian rights.
3. The Self-Respect Movement was started in 1925 by V. Ramaswami Naicker, popularly known as Periyar, in Tamil Nadu. It advocated for the rights of backward castes and rejected Brahminical dominance and caste-based discrimination.

All three pairs are correctly matched.

Q8. With reference to the British colonial rule in India, consider the following statements: [UPSC CSE Pre. 2019]

1.Mahatma Gandhi was instrumental in the abolition of the system of 'indentured labour'.

2. In Lord Chelmsford's 'War Conference', Mahatma Gandhi did not support the resolution on recruiting Indians for World War.

3. Consequent upon the breaking of Salt Law by Indian people, the Indian National Congress was declared illegal by the colonial rulers.

Which of the statements given above are correct?
 (a) 1 and 2 only
 (b) 1 and 3 only
 (c) 2 and 3 only
 (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b) 1 and 3 only

Explanation:

1. Gandhi led a campaign against indentured labor, which was a form of bonded labor system used to exploit Indian workers abroad. Due to pressure from Gandhi and other leaders, the system was officially abolished in 1921.
2. Gandhi did support the British war effort during the First World War and even in Lord Chelmsford’s War Conference in 1918. He believed in non-violent cooperation and hoped it would lead to political concessions from the British.
3. The breaking of the Salt Law during the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) was a mass act of defiance. Following this, the British government declared the Indian National Congress illegal and arrested many of its leaders.

Hence, statements 1 and 3 are correct.

Q9. In 1920, which of the following changed its name to "Swarajya Sabha"? [UPSC CSE Pre. 2018]
(a) All India Home Rule League
(b) Hindu Mahasabha
 (c) South Indian Liberal Federation
 (d) The Servants of India Society

Answer: (a) All India Home Rule League

Explanation:
 The All India Home Rule League, established by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant, was an important political organization advocating self-governance within the British Empire. In 1920, as the Indian National Congress adopted a new approach under Gandhi’s leadership, the Home Rule League merged into the Congress and was renamed the Swarajya Sabha, aligning itself with the broader national movement.

Q10. Which one of the following is a very significant aspect of the Champaran Satyagraha? [UPSC CSE Pre. 2018]
(a) Active all-India participation of lawyers, students and women in the National Movement.
(b) Active involvement of Dalit and Tribal communities of India in the National Movement.
 (c) Joining of peasant unrest to India's National Movement.
 (d) Drastic decrease in the cultivation of plantation crops and commercial crops.

Answer: (c) Joining of peasant unrest to India's National Movement

Explanation:
 The Champaran Satyagraha (1917) was Mahatma Gandhi’s first major public appearance in Indian politics. It was a movement against the oppressive Tinkathia system in Bihar where indigo farmers were forced to grow indigo on a portion of their land. Gandhi’s intervention turned a local agrarian issue into a national cause, demonstrating the potential of non-violent civil disobedience. This event effectively linked peasant struggles to the broader Indian National Movement, which was a turning point in India's fight for independence.

Q11. In the context of Indian history, the principle of 'Dyarchy (diarchy)' refers to [UPSC CSE Pre. 2017]
(a) Division of the central legislature into two houses.
(b) Introduction of double government i.e., Central and State governments.
 (c) Having two sets of rulers; one in London and another in Delhi.
 (d) Division of the subjects delegated to the provinces into two categories.

Answer: (d) Division of the subjects delegated to the provinces into two categories

Explanation:
 The concept of Dyarchy was introduced under the Government of India Act, 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms). It divided provincial subjects into two categories:

• Reserved Subjects (like police, justice, land revenue) under the control of the British Governor.
• Transferred Subjects (like education, health, agriculture) managed by Indian ministers responsible to the legislature.

This partial transfer of power was unsatisfactory to Indian leaders and was criticized for keeping crucial powers in British hands.

Q13. With reference to Indian freedom struggle, consider the following events: [UPSC CSE Pre. 2017]

Mutiny in Royal Indian Navy

Quit India Movement launched

Second Round Table Conference

What is the correct chronological sequence of the above events?
 (a) 1-2-3
 (b) 2-1-3
 (c) 3-2-1
 (d) 3-1-2

Answer: (c) 3-2-1

Explanation:
 Let’s look at the timeline:

• Second Round Table Conference: 1931
• Quit India Movement: 1942
• Royal Indian Navy Mutiny: 1946

Thus, the correct chronological order is: 3-2-1

Q14. The objective of the Butler Committee of 1927 was to? [UPSC CSE Pre. 2017]
(a) Define the jurisdiction of the Central and Provincial Governments.
(b) Define the powers of the Secretary of State for India.
 (c) Impose censorship on national press.
 (d) Improve the relationship between the Government of India and the Indian States.

Answer: (d) Improve the relationship between the Government of India and the Indian States

Explanation:
 The Butler Committee was formed in 1927 under the chairmanship of Harcourt Butler. Its purpose was to examine the relationship between the paramount power (British Government) and the Indian Princely States. The committee recommended that paramountcy should remain a British responsibility and should not be transferred to an Indian government, thus reinforcing British control over the princely states.

Q15. The plan of Sir Stafford Cripps envisaged that after the Second World War [UPSC CSE Pre. 2016]
(a) India should be granted complete independence.
(b) India should be partitioned into two before granting independence.
(c) India should be made a republic with the condition that she will join the Commonwealth.
(d) India should be given Dominion status.

Answer: (d) India should be given Dominion status

Explanation:
 The Cripps Mission Plan of 1942, led by Sir Stafford Cripps, was sent by the British Government to seek Indian support for the war effort during World War II. The key proposals included:

• India would be granted Dominion Status after the war.
• A Constituent Assembly would be formed to frame the future Constitution.
• Provinces had the right to opt out of the union and frame their own constitutions.
• Defense would remain with the British during the war.

Though it promised Dominion status, the plan was rejected by the Indian National Congress for not granting immediate self-rule and by the Muslim League for not clearly providing for Pakistan.

Q16. With reference to Rowlatt Satyagraha, which of the following statements is/are correct? [UPSC CSE Prelims 2015]

The Rowlatt Act was based on the recommendations of the 'Sedition Committee'.

In Rowlatt Satyagraha, Gandhiji tried to utilize the Home Rule League.

Demonstrations against the arrival of Simon Commission coincided with Rowlatt Satyagraha.

Correct answer: (b) 1 and 2 only

Explanation:

• The Rowlatt Act (1919) was based on the recommendations of the Sedition Committee headed by Justice Rowlatt. It allowed for detention of political prisoners without trial.
• Gandhiji launched the Rowlatt Satyagraha to protest this draconian law and drew support from existing political networks including Home Rule Leagues.
• The Simon Commission came to India in 1928, almost a decade later. So, statement 3 is factually incorrect.

Q17. With reference to Congress Socialist Party, consider the following statements: [UPSC CSE Prelims 2015]

It advocated the boycott of British goods and evasion of taxes.

It wanted to establish the dictatorship of proletariat.

It advocated separate electorate for minorities and oppressed classes.

Correct answer: (d) None

Explanation:

• The Congress Socialist Party (CSP) was formed in 1934 by P. Narayan, Acharya Narendra Dev, and others. It was a socialist group within the Congress.
  
  
• While it believed in socialism and upliftment of the poor, it did not support the establishment of a communist-style dictatorship of the proletariat.
  
  
• It was opposed to separate electorates which were seen as divisive (unlike Ambedkar's position).
  
  
• While it supported civil disobedience, the boycott of British goods and tax evasion were methods of the earlier Gandhian phase of movement, not the core focus of CSP.

Q18. Who of the following organized a march on the Tanjore coast to break the Salt Law in April 1930? [UPSC CSE Prelims 2015]
(a) V. O. Chidambaram Pillai
 (b) C. Rajagopalachari
 (c) K. Kamaraj
 (d) Annie Besant

Correct answer: (b) C. Rajagopalachari

Explanation:

• Inspired by Gandhi's Dandi March, Rajagopalachari led the Vedaranyam Salt March in Tamil Nadu in April 1930.
  
  
• This was part of the Civil Disobedience Movement and mirrored Gandhi’s protest against the Salt Tax.

Q19. The Radcliffe Committee was appointed to [UPSC CSE Prelims 2015]
(a) solve the problem of minorities in India.
 (b) give effect to the Independence Bill.
 (c) delimit the boundaries between India and Pakistan.
 (d) enquire into the riots in East Bengal.

Correct answer: (c) delimit the boundaries between India and Pakistan

Explanation:

• The Radcliffe Commission was chaired by Sir Cyril Radcliffe in 1947.
• It was responsible for drawing the boundaries of the new nations — India and Pakistan, particularly in Punjab and Bengal, based on religious majorities.

Q20. The 1929 Session of Indian National Congress is of significance in the history of the Freedom Movement because [UPSC CSE Prelims 2015]
(a) attainment of Self-Government was declared as the objective of the Congress.
 (b) attainment of Poorna Swaraj was adopted as the goal of the Congress.
 (c) Non-Cooperation Movement was launched.
 (d) decision to participate in the Round Table Conference in London was taken.

Correct answer: (b) attainment of Poorna Swaraj was adopted as the goal of the Congress

Explanation:

• The Lahore Session of 1929, under Jawaharlal Nehru's presidency, declared Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence) as the Congress's ultimate goal.
• It also decided to observe 26 January 1930 as Independence Day, which laid the symbolic foundation for future Republic Day.

Q21. The people of India agitated against the arrival of Simon Commission because [UPSC CSE Prelims 2015]
(a) Indians never wanted the review of the working of the Act of 1919.
 (b) Simon Commission recommended the abolition of Dyarchy in the Provinces.
 (c) there was no Indian member in the Simon Commission.
 (d) the Simon Commission suggested the partition of the country.

Correct answer: (c) there was no Indian member in the Simon Commission

Explanation:

• The Simon Commission (1927) was a 7-member British committee formed to review the 1919 Government of India Act.
• It did not include any Indian members, which caused nationwide protests led by the Congress. The slogan "Simon Go Back" became widely popular.

Q22. Quit India Movement was launched in response to [UPSC CSE Prelims 2015]
(a) Cabinet Mission Plan
 (b) Cripps Proposals
 (c) Simon Commission Report
 (d) Wavell Plan

Correct answer: (b) Cripps Proposals

Explanation:

• The Quit India Movement was launched on 8 August 1942 after the failure of the Cripps Mission.
• The Cripps Proposals offered Dominion Status after WWII and the right of provinces to opt out, which the Congress rejected as inadequate.

Q23. The Congress ministries resigned in the seven provinces in 1939, because [UPSC CSE Prelims 2014]
(a) the Congress could not form ministries in the other four provinces.
 (b) emergence of a 'left wing' in the Congress made the working of the ministries impossible.
 (c) there were widespread communal disturbances in their provinces.
 (d) None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given above is correct.

Correct answer: (d) None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given above is correct.

Explanation:

• Congress ministries resigned in October 1939 as a protest against India being dragged into WWII without consultation.
• Lord Linlithgow, the Viceroy, declared war on Germany on India's behalf without consulting Indian leaders.

Q24. Which of the following parties were established by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar? [UPSC CSE Prelims 2014]

1. The Peasants and Workers Party of India.

2. All India Scheduled Castes Federation.

3. The Independent Labour Party.

Correct answer: (b) 2 and 3 only

Explanation:

• Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party in 1936.
• He later founded the Scheduled Castes Federation in 1942.
• The Peasants and Workers Party was founded in Maharashtra, but not by Ambedkar.

Q25. Mahatma Gandhi undertook fast unto death in 1932, mainly because [UPSC CSE Prelims 2014]
(a) Round Table Conference failed to satisfy Indian political aspirations.
 (b) Congress and Muslim League had differences of opinion.
 (c) Ramsay Macdonald announced the Communal Award.
 (d) None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given above is correct in this context.

Correct answer: (c) Ramsay Macdonald announced the Communal Award.

Explanation:

• In 1932, the Communal Award by British PM Ramsay MacDonald provided for separate electorates for the depressed classes.
• Gandhi saw this as a threat to Hindu unity and undertook a fast unto death, leading to the Poona Pact with Ambedkar.

Q26. The Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress (1929) is very important in history, because [UPSC CSE Prelims 2014]

a. the Congress passed a resolution demanding complete independence.

b. the rift between the extremists and moderates was resolved in that session.
c. a resolution was passed rejecting the two-nation theory in that session.

Correct answer: (a) 1 only

Explanation:

• The Lahore Session (1929) under Nehru passed the Poorna Swaraj resolution.
• Statements 2 and 3 are incorrect.
  • The rift between moderates and extremists wasn’t resolved here.
  • The two-nation theory was not formally addressed in this session.

Q27. The Rowlatt Act aimed at [UPSC CSE Prelims 2014]
(a) compulsory economic support to war efforts.
 (b) imprisonment without trial and summary procedures for trial.
 (c) suppression of the Khilafat Movement.
 (d) imposition of restrictions on freedom of the press.

Correct answer: (b) imprisonment without trial and summary procedures for trial

Explanation:

• The Rowlatt Act (1919) authorized the British government to arrest and detain suspects without trial, conduct secret trials, and restrict freedom of press and movement.
• It was dubbed the Black Act by Indian leaders and led to widespread protests, culminating in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

GOVERNANCE AND OTHER ASPECTS

Q1. With reference to the Government of India Act, 1935, consider the following statements [UPSC CSE Prelims 2024]:

1. It provided for the establishment of an All India Federation based on the union of the British Indian Provinces and Princely States.
2. Defence and Foreign Affairs were kept under the control of the federal legislature.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    a) 1 only
    b) 2 only
    c) Both 1 and 2
    d) Neither 1 nor 2
   
   

Answer: a) 1 only

Explanation:
 The Government of India Act, 1935 proposed the formation of an All India Federation, including both British Indian provinces and princely states. Although it was envisioned, the princely states never acceded to this federation, and therefore it was never implemented.

The Act kept Defence and Foreign Affairs under the exclusive control of the Governor-General, not under the federal legislature. These were considered vital imperial interests and were thus retained by the British.

Hence, only Statement 1 is correct.

Q2. With reference to revenue collection by Cornwallis, consider the following statements [UPSC CSE Prelims 2024]:

1. Under the Ryotwari Settlement of revenue collection, the peasants were exempted from revenue payment in case of bad harvests or natural calamities.
2. Under the Permanent Settlement in Bengal, if the Zamindar failed to pay his revenues to the state on or before the fixed date, he would be removed from his Zamindari.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    a) 1 only
    b) 2 only
    c) Both 1 and 2
    d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: b) 2 only

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is incorrect: The Ryotwari System was implemented primarily in Madras and Bombay Presidencies, under which the individual peasant (ryot) directly paid revenue to the British. While remission was sometimes granted in cases of natural calamities, there was no automatic or universal exemption policy in such situations.
• Statement 2 is correct: Under the Permanent Settlement of 1793, introduced by Lord Cornwallis, Zamindars were made hereditary landowners but were obligated to pay a fixed revenue to the state. If they defaulted, even by a single day, they could lose their rights—this rule was famously called the Sunset Law.

Hence, only Statement 2 is correct.

Q3. By which one of the following Acts was the Governor-General of Bengal designated as the Governor-General of India? [UPSC CSE Prelims 2023]
(a) The Regulating Act
 (b) The Pitt's India Act
 (c) The Charter Act of 1793
 (d) The Charter Act of 1833

Correct answer: (d) The Charter Act of 1833

Explanation:

• The Charter Act of 1833 was a significant constitutional milestone in British India. It marked the centralization of administration by designating the Governor-General of Bengal as the Governor-General of India, thereby giving him authority over the entire British territory in India.
• Lord William Bentinck became the first Governor-General of India.
• The act also attempted to introduce a system of law-making for all of India through a single legislative council.

Q4. In the Government of India Act 1919, the functions of Provincial Government were divided into "Reserved" and "Transferred" subjects. Which of the following were treated as "Reserved" subjects? [UPSC CSE Prelims 2022]

1. Administration of Justice
2. Local Self-Government
3. Land Revenue
4. Police

Select the correct answer using the code given below:
 (a) 2, 3 and 4
 (b) 1, 2 and 3
 (c) 1, 3 and 4
 (d) 1, 2 and 4

Correct answer: (c) 1, 3 and 4

Explanation:

• The Government of India Act, 1919, introduced Diarchy at the provincial level. The provincial subjects were divided into two categories:
  • Reserved subjects: Controlled by the Governor and his Executive Council (not responsible to the legislature). Examples include:
    • Administration of Justice
    • Land Revenue
    • Police
  • Transferred subjects: Administered by ministers responsible to the legislature. Examples include:
    • Local Self-Government
    • Public health
    • Education

Hence, Local Self-Government (Statement 2) was a Transferred subject.

Q5. Consider the following statements:

1. The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 recommended granting voting rights to all the women above the age of 21.
2. The Government of India Act of 1935 gave women reserved seats in legislature.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
 [UPSC CSE Prelims 2021]
 (a) 1 only
 (b) 2 only
 (c) Both 1 and 2
 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Correct answer: (b) 2 only

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is incorrect: The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919) extended voting rights, but they were highly restricted and based on property, education, and income. It did not grant universal adult suffrage, nor did it recommend voting rights to all women above 21.
• Statement 2 is correct: The Government of India Act, 1935 provided for separate electorates and reserved seats for women in provincial legislatures, a significant step toward political representation for women.

Q6. The ‘Instrument of Instructions’ contained in the Government of India Act, 1935 have been incorporated in the Constitution of India in the year 1950 as: [UPSC CSE Prelims 2019]
(a) Fundamental Rights
 (b) Directive Principles of State Policy
 (c) Extent of Executive Power of State
 (d) Conduct of Business of the Government of India

Correct answer: (b) Directive Principles of State Policy

Explanation:

• The Instrument of Instructions in the Government of India Act, 1935 were guidelines meant to direct the Governor-General and Governors in the discharge of their functions.
• These instructions inspired the formulation of Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs) in the Indian Constitution (Part IV, Articles 36–51), which guide the state in policymaking.

Q7. By a Regulation in 1793, the District Collector was deprived of his judicial powers and made the collecting agent only. What was the reason for such regulation? [UPSC CSE Prelims 2014]
(a) Lord Cornwallis felt that the District Collector's efficiency of revenue collection would enormously increase without the burden of other work.
 (b) Lord Cornwallis felt that judicial power should compulsorily be in the hands of Europeans, while Indians can be given the job of revenue collection in the districts.
 (c) Lord Cornwallis was alarmed at the extent of power concentrated in the District Collector and felt that such absolute power was undesirable in one person.
 (d) The judicial work demanded a deep knowledge of India and a good training in law and Lord Cornwallis felt that District Collector should be only a revenue collector.

Correct answer: (c) Lord Cornwallis was alarmed at the extent of power concentrated in the District Collector and felt that such absolute power was undesirable in one person.

Explanation:

• In 1793, under Lord Cornwallis, a major administrative reform was undertaken to separate the revenue and judicial functions.
• Cornwallis believed that giving both judicial and revenue powers to the District Collector led to a concentration of power, which could be abused.
• As a result, judicial powers were withdrawn from the District Collector and given to a separate judiciary.

MISCELLANEOUS  

Q1. Who among the following is associated with 'Songs from Prison', a translation of ancient Indian religious lyrics in English? [UPSC CSE Prelims 2021]
(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
 (b) Jawaharlal Nehru
 (c) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
 (d) Sarojini Naidu

Answer: (c) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

Explanation:
 ‘Songs from Prison’ is a collection of devotional hymns and poems that Mahatma Gandhi translated or interpreted during his incarceration. These writings were mostly drawn from Indian saints such as Tulsidas, Mira Bai, Surdas, and others. Gandhi's deep spiritual beliefs influenced his political ideology, and through this book, he attempted to communicate the moral and philosophical dimensions of Indian culture to a broader audience, especially the English-speaking world. The compilation reflects his belief in bhakti (devotion) and ahimsa (non-violence) as powerful tools for personal and social transformation. The work was also aimed at sustaining the morale of fellow prisoners and readers in the freedom movement by connecting them with India’s rich spiritual heritage.

Q2. With reference to Madanapalle of Andhra Pradesh, which one of the following statements is correct? [UPSC CSE Prelims 2021]
(a) Pingali Venkayya designed the tricolour Indian National Flag here.
 (b) Pattabhi Sitaramaiah led the Quit India Movement of Andhra region from here.
 (c) Rabindranath Tagore translated the National Anthem from Bengali to English here.
 (d) Madame Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott set up headquarters of Theosophical Society first here.

Answer: (c) Rabindranath Tagore translated the National Anthem from Bengali to English here.

Explanation:
 In 1919, Rabindranath Tagore stayed at the Theosophical College in Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh. During this stay, he translated Jana Gana Mana—which he had originally composed in Bengali in 1911—into English. The English version was titled The Morning Song of India. The translation played a significant role in popularising the anthem across linguistic boundaries, especially in South India, and also among English-speaking Indians and foreigners. The tune for the anthem that is used today was also developed at Madanapalle. The other options are factually inaccurate: Pingali Venkayya designed the national flag, but not specifically in Madanapalle; Pattabhi Sitaramaiah was an important leader from Andhra, but there is no notable Quit India connection with Madanapalle; the headquarters of the Theosophical Society was established in Adyar (Chennai), not Madanapalle.

Q3. The Vital-Vidhvansak, the first monthly journal to have the untouchable people as its target audience was published by: [UPSC CSE Prelims 2020]
(a) Gopal Baba Walangkar
 (b) Jyotiba Phule
 (c) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
 (d) Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar

Answer: (a) Gopal Baba Walangkar

Explanation:
 Gopal Baba Walangkar was one of the earliest social reformers and thinkers from the Dalit community in colonial India. He served in the British Army and later used his education and experience to highlight the plight of the so-called “untouchables.” In 1888, he launched Vital-Vidhvansak (literally, "Destroyer of Brahminical or Vedic Poison"), a monthly publication that addressed issues of caste discrimination, social inequality, and justice. This was the first journal in India explicitly aimed at the upliftment and education of the untouchable communities, making it historically significant in the trajectory of Dalit activism. Walangkar’s work predated even that of Dr. Ambedkar and laid an early foundation for what would become the modern Dalit movement.

Q4. With reference to the book "Desher Katha" written by Sakharam Ganesh Deuskar during the freedom struggle, consider the following statements:

1. It warned against the Colonial State's hypnotic conquest of the mind.
2. It inspired the performance of swadeshi street plays and folk songs.
3. The use of 'desh' by Deuskar was in the specific context of the region of Bengal.
   

Which of the statements given above are correct?
 [UPSC CSE Prelims 2020]
 (a) 1 and 2 only
 (b) 2 and 3 only
 (c) 1 and 3 only
 (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3

Explanation:
 Desher Katha (Story of the Nation) was written by Sakharam Ganesh Deuskar, a nationalist intellectual and journalist of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The book was written in Bengali and had a significant influence during the Swadeshi Movement (1905–08) that erupted in protest of the partition of Bengal by the British.

• The book exposed the manipulative strategies of colonial rule, describing how British education and governance were creating a false sense of superiority and mental subjugation among Indians. This is the “hypnotic conquest of the mind” mentioned in Statement 1.
• Statement 2 is also correct because the book became a rallying point for the Swadeshi Movement. It inspired street performances, patriotic songs, and folk theatre that aimed to awaken nationalist sentiments among the masses.
• Statement 3 is accurate as the term ‘desh’ in Deuskar’s narrative referred to Bengal, which was the epicenter of the early nationalist struggle during the anti-partition agitation.

Thus, all three statements are correct.

Q5. With reference to Indian National Movement, consider the following pairs:

Person	Position held
1. Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru	President, All India Liberal Federation
2. K.C. Neogy	Member, The Constituent Assembly
3. P.C. Joshi	General Secretary, Communist Party of India

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
 [UPSC CSE Prelims 2019]
 (a) 1 only
 (b) 1 and 2 only
 (c) 3 only
 (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3

Explanation:

• Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru was a prominent moderate nationalist, lawyer, and constitutionalist. He played a leading role in the All India Liberal Federation, which believed in cooperation with the British for constitutional reforms and was known for its opposition to the more radical methods of protest.
• C. Neogy was an influential political figure who served in various roles during the transition to independence, including as a member of the Constituent Assembly, and later as the first Finance Minister of Independent India (for a brief period).
• C. Joshi was the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of India (CPI), holding the position from 1935 to 1947. He worked to align the CPI more closely with the Indian national movement and was known for his attempts to bring the party into mainstream nationalist politics.

Since all three associations are factually correct, the correct answer is option (d).

Q6. Who among the following were the founders of the "Hind Mazdoor Sabha" established in 1948? [UPSC CSE Prelims 2018]
(a) B. Krishna Pillai, E.M.S. Namboodiripad and K.C. George
 (b) Jayaprakash Narayan, Deen Dayal Upadhyay and M.N. Roy
 (c) C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer, K. Kamaraj and Veeresalingam Pantulu
 (d) Ashok Mehta, T.S. Ramanujam and G.G. Mehta

Answer: (d) Ashok Mehta, T.S. Ramanujam and G.G. Mehta

Explanation:
 The Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS) was established in 1948 as a national trade union organization in India. It was created as a socialist alternative to the Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC), which was seen as Congress-affiliated, and the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC), which was communist-aligned.

The HMS was founded by socialists who had either distanced themselves from the Indian National Congress or had ideological differences with the communists. Among the most prominent founding leaders were:

• Ashok Mehta – a noted socialist leader and one of the early members of the Congress Socialist Party.
• S. Ramanujam – a dedicated trade unionist.
• G. Mehta – another key figure in the socialist movement and trade union activism.

The HMS played an important role in representing workers’ rights from a non-communist leftist perspective and contributed to shaping post-independence labour policy in India.

Q7. Consider the following events:

1. The first democratically elected communist party government formed in a State in India.
2. India's then largest bank, 'Imperial Bank of India', was renamed 'State Bank of India'.
3. Air India was nationalised and became the national carrier.
4. Goa became a part of independent India.

Which of the following is the correct chronological sequence of the above events?
 [UPSC CSE Prelims 2018]
 (a) 4 - 1 - 2 - 3
 (b) 3 - 2 - 1 - 4
 (c) 4 - 2 - 1 - 3
 (d) 3 - 1 - 2 - 4

Answer: (b) 3 - 2 - 1 - 4

Explanation:
 Let’s place each event in its correct historical year:

1. Air India nationalised – 1953
   • Originally founded by J.R.D. Tata as Tata Airlines, it was nationalised by the Government of India in 1953 under the Air Corporations Act. This marked the creation of Indian Airlines and Air India International.
2. Imperial Bank of India renamed as State Bank of India – 1955
   • The Imperial Bank of India was nationalised and renamed the State Bank of India (SBI) in 1955. This move was intended to bring banking services to rural areas and align with India's development plans.
3. First democratically elected communist government in India – 1957
   • This historic event occurred in the state of Kerala when the Communist Party of India (CPI) won the state assembly elections. M.S. Namboodiripad became the Chief Minister, making it the first instance of a communist party coming to power through democratic means anywhere in the world.
4. Goa became a part of independent India – 1961
   • Goa was under Portuguese colonial rule even after Indian independence in 1947. It was integrated into India in 1961 after a military operation called Operation Vijay, which ended over 450 years of Portuguese rule.

Therefore, the correct chronological sequence is:
 1953 (Air India nationalised) → 1955 (SBI created) → 1957 (Kerala CPI government) → 1961 (Goa liberation)

Hence, the correct answer is (b) 3 - 2 - 1 - 4.

Q8. He wrote biographies of Mazzini, Garibaldi, Shivaji and Shrikrishna; stayed in America for some time; and was also elected to the Central Assembly. He was[UPSC CSE Prelims 2018]
a. Aurobindo Ghosh
 b. Bipin Chandra Pal
 c. Lala Lajpat Rai
 d. Motilal Nehru

Answer: c. Lala Lajpat Rai

Explanation:
 Lala Lajpat Rai, popularly known as Punjab Kesari, was a prominent nationalist, writer, and politician during the Indian freedom struggle. He is best known as one of the members of the Lal-Bal-Pal trio (Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Bipin Chandra Pal), which symbolized assertive nationalism in the early 20th century.

Key facts supporting the answer:

• Lajpat Rai authored biographies of Italian nationalists Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi, and also wrote about Shivaji and Lord Krishna, connecting Indian heritage with global revolutionary traditions.
• He stayed in the United States for several years (around 1916-1920), where he was involved in writing and building international support for Indian independence.
• He was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly in 1920, where he represented nationalist causes and contributed to debates on colonial governance.

Hence, the personality described in the question is Lala Lajpat Rai.

Q9. Annie Besant was[UPSC CSE Prelims 2013]

1. responsible for starting the Home Rule Movement

2. the founder of the Theosophical Society

3. once the President of the Indian National Congress

Select the correct statements using the codes given below:
 a. 1 only
 b. 2 and 3 only
 c. 1 and 3 only
 d. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: c. 1 and 3 only

Explanation:
 Annie Besant was a British socialist, theosophist, and Indian freedom fighter, who played a significant role in the early stages of the Indian national movement.

Let's examine the statements:

1. Responsible for starting the Home Rule Movement – Correct
   • Annie Besant, along with Bal Gangadhar Tilak, was instrumental in launching the Home Rule Movement in 1916. She founded the Home Rule League in Madras and demanded self-government for India within the British Empire.
2. The founder of the Theosophical Society – Incorrect
   • The Theosophical Society was founded in New York in 1875 by Madame H.P. Blavatsky and Colonel H.S. Olcott. Annie Besant joined the society later and became one of its most prominent leaders after it shifted its headquarters to Adyar, Chennai (then Madras).
3. Once the President of the Indian National Congress – Correct
   • Annie Besant became the first woman President of the Indian National Congress in 1917, marking a significant milestone in the history of the freedom struggle.

Thus, only statements 1 and 3 are correct, and statement 2 is incorrect.

Correct answer: c. 1 and 3 only