Q.1 With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements (CSE 2016)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- b
Explanation-
In early Indian Buddhism and in some later traditions—including Theravada, at present the major form of Buddhism in Sri Lanka And other parts of Southeast Asia—the term bodhisattva was used primarily to refer to the Buddha Shakyamuni (as Gautama Siddhartha is known) in his former lives. Bodhisattva- (in Mahayana Buddhism) a person who is able to reach nirvana but delays doing so through compassion for suffering beings. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.
Compassion, an empathetic sharing of the sufferings of others, is the Bodhisattva's greatest characteristic.Bodhisattva delays achieving his own salvation to help all sentient beings on their path to it. Hence statements 2 and 3 are correct.
Q.2 The “dharma” and “rita” depict a central idea of ancient Vedic civilization of India. In this context, consider the following statements: (CSE 2011)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer- c
Explanation:
Rita refers to natural regulation order, which cannot be agreed upon or limited by any legislation or man-made law, and which belongs to the behaviour of Vedic Gods and Humans in terms of moral and physical law. Rita refers to universal harmony in which all things in the world have a proper function and place. Rita was later replaced by Dharma, which appears as a sophisticated form of legal principles.
Dharma is envisioned as a fundamental moral norm based on human nature that prescribes duties and obligations for maintaining justice, order, and righteousness in the universe. It signifies cosmic ordinance, often in connection with the sense of natural law. Hence option c is correct.
Q.3) The following items consist of two statements, Statement I and Statement II Examine these two statements carefully and select the correct answer using the code given below: (CAPF 2017)
Statement I: Nationalism in India, which was assigned a privileged position by its western-educated political leadership, was a 'different', but a 'derivative discourse' from the west
Statement II: Indian nationalism as a response to western imperialism was 'like all such responses, shaped by what it was responding to'
Answer- a
Explanation:
Nationalist ideas in India developed in the private and more spiritual domain shielded from the dominant western discourse in the public sphere. The 'construction' of the imagined community has also been questioned. Elements of ethnicity or race cannot be the products of shared imagination alone. Nationalism in India, which was assigned a privileged position by its western-educated political leadership, was too much responsive to the 'modern' West.
Thus, Indian nationalism as a response to Western imperialism like all such responses, shaped by what it was responding to." Hence both the statements are correct but statement 2 is not the correct explanation of statement 1.
Q.4) India maintained its early cultural contacts and trade links with Southeast Asia across the Bay of Bengal. For this pre-eminence of early maritime history of Bay of Bengal, which of the following could be the most convincing explanation/explanations? (CSE 2011)
(a) As compared to other countries, India had a better ship-building technology in ancient and mediaeval times
(b) The rulers of southern India always patronised traders, brahmin priests and buddhist monks in this context
(c) Monsoon winds across the Bay of Bengal facilitated sea voyages
(d) Both (a) and (b) are convincing explanations in this context.
Answer- d
Explanation:
The maritime history of Indian shipbuilding begins right from the time of the Harappan Civilization. As compared to other countries, India had better ship-building technology in ancient and medieval times. It was during the Medieval period that a number of Indian Vessels were constructed purely for waging war at sea. During the days of the composition of Yuktikalpataru (around ninth century CE), it appears that ship-building was highly advanced. Hence option 1 is correct.
The rulers of southern India played a significant role in facilitating and encouraging maritime trade and cultural exchanges across the Bay of Bengal. They actively patronized traders, Brahmin priests, and Buddhist monks, providing them with support and protection. The rulers recognized the importance of these interactions for both economic and religious purposes. By promoting trade and encouraging the presence of influential religious figures, the rulers ensured the continuous flow of people and ideas between India and Southeast Asia. Hence statement 2 is correct.
Q.5) Which of the following statements relating to the Government of India Act, 1858 is/are correct? (CDS 2018)
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- d
Explanation:
On August 2, 1858, less than a month after Canning proclaimed the victory of British arms, Parliament passed the Government of India Act, transferring British power over India from the East India Company, whose ineptitude was primarily blamed for the mutiny, to the crown. Now the British Crown assumed sovereignty over India from the East India Company. Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct.
The Government Of India Act (1858) was dominated by absolute Imperial control with no representation for the people of India. The Secretary of State was the supreme authority and had a free hand in the administration of India and was responsible only to the British parliament. Hence statement 3 is correct.
Q.6) Why did Buddhism start declining in India in the early medieval times? (UPSC 2010)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- a
Explanation:
The decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent coincides with the spread of Islam in that part of the world, especially due to the Islamic invasions that occurred in the late 12th century.
The main cause was the rise of an ancient Hindu religion again, "Hinduism", which focused on the worship of deities like Shiva and Vishnu and became more popular among the common people while Buddhism, being focused on monastery life, had become disconnected from public life and its life rituals, which were all left to Hindu Brahmins. Hence statement 1 is correct.
The growth of new forms of Hinduism (and to a lesser extent Jainism) was a key element in the decline in Buddhism in India, particularly in terms of diminishing financial support to Buddhist monasteries from laity and royalty.
The disintegration of central power also led to regionalisation of religiosity, and religious rivalry. Rural and devotional movements arose within Hinduism, along with Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Bhakti and Tantra, that competed with each other, as well as with numerous sects of Buddhism and Jainism.
Many adherents of Buddhism have experienced religious persecution because of their adherence to the Buddhist practice, including unwarranted arrests, imprisonment, beating, torture, and/or execution. The term prosecution also may be used in reference to the confiscation or destruction of property, temples, monasteries, centers of learning, meditation centers, historical sites, or the incitement of hatred towards Buddhists. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
The Gupta dynasty did not oppose Buddhism, but Buddhism received less royal patronage under the Guptas as compared to the preceding Mauryan and Kushan Empires. Hence statement 3 is incorrect.
Q.7) With reference to the British colonial rule in India, consider the following statements: (CSE 2019)
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- b
Explanation:
Gandhi captured the imagination of the people of his heritage with his ideas about winning "hate with love". These ideas are evidenced in his pamphlets from the 1890s, in South Africa, where too he was popular among the Indian indentured workers. After he returned to India, people flocked to him because he reflected their values. Indentured servitude from India started in 1834 and lasted up till 1922, despite having been officially banned in 1917 by British India's Imperial Legislative Council after pressure from freedom fighters like Mahatma Gandhi. Hence statement 1 is correct.
In 1919, following World War I, Gandhi sought political co-operation from Muslims in his fight against British imperialism by supporting the Ottoman Empire that had been defeated in the World War. Before this initiative of Gandhi, communal disputes and religious riots between Hindus and Muslims were common in British India, such as the riots of 1917–18. Gandhi had supported the British crown with resources and by recruiting Indian soldiers to fight the war in Europe on the British side. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
On Apr 6, 1930, Gandhiji broke Salt laws at Dandi. Consequent upon the breaking of Salt Law by Indian People, in January 1932 the Indian National Congress was declared illegal by the colonial rulers. Hence statement 3 is correct.
Q.8) The following items consist of two statements, Statement I and Statement II Examine these two statements carefully and select the correct answer using the code given below: (CAPF 2017)
Statement I: The British legal scholars relied on Indian Pandits and Maulvis for understanding of canons of authoritative texts
Statement II: British codified the Hindu Laws in 1783 and the Muslim Laws in 1785.
Answer- c
Explanation:
A major problem was that the Brahman pandits gave different interpretations of local laws based on different schools of the dharmashastra. To bring about uniformity, in 1775 eleven pandits were asked to compile a digest of Hindu laws. N.B. Halhed translated this digest into English. By 1778 a code of Muslim laws was also compiled for the benefit of European judges. Under the Regulating Act of 1773, a new Supreme Court was established, while a court of appeal - the Sadar Nizamat Adalat - was also set up at Calcutta. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
Q.9) In which one of the following regions was Dhanyakataka, which flourished as a prominent Buddhist centre under the Mahasanghikas, located? (CSE 2023)
(a) Andhra
(b) Gandhara
(c) Kalinga
(d) Magadha
Answer- a
Explanation:
Dharanikota is a village in Palnadu district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Amaravathi mandal of Guntur revenue division.[2][4] The village forms a part of Andhra Pradesh Capital Region, under the jurisdiction of APCRDA. It is the site of the ancient Dhanyakataka which was the capital of the Satavahana kingdom which ruled in the Deccan around the 1st to 3rd centuries A.D.
Q.10) Which of the following statements relating to the Indian Councils Act, 1861 is/are correct? (CDS 2018)
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- a
Explanation:
The 1861 Act marked an advance in that the principle of representatives of non-officials in legislative bodies became accepted.
Law-making was thus no longer seen as the exclusive business of the executive.
The portfolio system introduced by Lord Canning laid the foundations of cabinet government in India.
The Act by vesting legislative powers in the Governments of Bombay and Madras and by making provision for the institution of similar legislative councils in other provinces laid the foundations of legislative devolution.
The councils could not discuss important matters and no financial matters at all without previous approval of government.
They had no control over budget. Hence statement 1 and 2 are correct.
Q.11)Match List-I with List-lI and select the correct answer using the code given below the Lists: (CAPF 2022)
List-I List-II
(Vedic name of river) (Modern name)
(a) (A - 2), (B - 4), (C - 1), (D - 3)
(b) (A - 2), (B - 1), (C - 4), (D - 3)
(c ) (A - 3), (B - 1), (C - 4), (D - 2)
(d) (A - 3), (B - 4), (C - 1), (D - 2)
Answer- b
Explanation:
The Vedic culture revolves around four Vedas Rigveda, Atharvaveda, Yajurveda, and Samaveda, and mainly appears to be Rigveda. And in whole societal and economical development rivers were the backbone or had a most important part. Hence we sometimes called our culture “Ganga-Januni tahzeeb”
In Rigveda, the names of the rivers are mentioned. Aryans were mostly confined to the Saptasindhu river. All are found in the Early Vedic period.
In Rigveda total of 30 tribes were mentioned. Also, there is a mention of the battle of Dasrajana ie the battle of ten kings.
|
Ancient Names |
Modern Names |
|
Vitastata |
Jhelum |
|
Shatudri |
Sutluj |
|
Purushni |
Ravi |
|
Askini |
Chinab |
|
Vipasha |
Beas |
|
Sadanira |
Gandak |
|
Drishdvati |
Ghaghara |
Q.12) With reference to Indian history, consider the following pairs: (CSE 2022)
Historical person Known as
How many pairs given above are correctly matched?
(a) None of the pairs
(b) Only one pair
(c) Only two pairs
(d) All three pairs
Answer-c
Explanation:
Āryadeva (fl. 3rd century CE) was a Mahayana Buddhist monk, a disciple of Nagarjuna and a Madhyamaka philosopher.
Dignāga (also known as Diṅnāga, c. 480 – c. 540 CE) was an Indian Buddhist scholar and one of the Buddhist founders of Indian logic (hetu vidyā).
Nathamuni, also known as Sri Ranganathamuni, (823 CE – 951 CE), was a Vaishnava theologian who collected and compiled the Naalayira Divya Prabandham.
Q.13) Consider the following dynasties: (CSE 2023)
How many of the above dynasties established their kingdoms in early eighth century AD?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) Only three
(d) None
Answer-d
Explanation:
Their territory comprised much of the present-day Telangana and Andra Pradesh, and parts of easter Kamataka, northern Tamil Nadu, and southern Odisha. Their capital was Orugallu, now known as Warangal.
Hence option d is correct.
Q.14) Which one of the following statements about Tolkappiyam is not correct? (CAPF 2022)
(a) It is a treatise on grammar.
(b) It was composed between first to fourth century CE.
(c ) It was part of the Sangam corpus.
(d) It was composed by Panini.
Answer-d
Explanation:
Tolkappiyar (epithet), the author of Tolkappiyam, which is the oldest extant Tamil grammar, is believed by various traditions to be one of the twelve disciples of Agattiyar. Tolkappiyar is believed to have lived during the Second Sangam and to be the author of the Tolkappiyam that has survived. Hence option d is not correct.
Q.15) With reference to the art and archaeological history of India, which one among the following was made earliest? (CSE 2015)
(a) Lingaraja Temple at Bhubaneswar
(b) Rock-cut Elephant at Dhauli
(c) Rock-cut Monuments at Mahabalipuram
(d) Varaha Image at Udayagiri
Answer-b
Explanation:
Lingaraja Temple at Bhubaneshwar -13th century AD
Q.16) Consider the following historical events in India carefully: (CAPF 2022)
Which of the above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither1 nor 2
Answer- b
Explanation
Vernacular Press Act, in British India, law enacted in 1878 to curtail the freedom of the Indian-language (i.e., non-English) press. Proposed by Lord Lytton, then viceroy of India (governed 1876-80), the act was intended to prevent the vernacular press from expressing criticism of British policies-notably, the opposition against the counsel of his own Law Member. Hence statement 2 is correct.
The law was repealed in 1881 by Lytton’s successor as viceroy, Lord Ripon (governed 1880–84). However, the resentment it produced among Indians became one of the catalysts giving rise to India’s growing independence movement. Among the act’s most vocal critics was the Indian Association (founded 1876), which is generally considered to be one of the precursors of the Indian National Congress. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.
Q.17) Who among the following archaeologists was the first to identify similarities between a pre-Harappan culture and the mature Harappan culture? (CDS 2016)
(a) Amalananda Ghosh
(b) Rakhaldas Banerji
(c) Daya Ram Sahni
(d) Sir John Marshall
Answer-a
Explanation:
Amalayanda Gosh was the first to notice the similarities between pre-Harapan and mature Harappan culture. Mohenjo-Daro was discovered in 1922 by Rakhal Das Banerji, an officer of theArchaeological Survey of India. Hence option A is correct.
Q.18) With reference to the religious history of medieval India, the Sufi mystics were known to pursue which of the following practices? (CSE 2012)
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer-d
Explanation
Sufism, mystical Islamic belief and practice in which Muslims seek to find the truth of divine love and knowledge through direct personal experience of God.
Islamic mysticism had several stages of growth, including
(1) the appearance of early asceticism,
(2) the development of a classical mysticism of divine love, and
(3) the rise and proliferation of fraternal orders of mystics.
The Sufi practices include- a lot of emphasis on love and devotion towards God. music and dance devotee expressions. Meditation and control of breath practices. The practice of Sama- a musical recital that intended to induce a mystical state of ecstasy. Murid or disciple has to go through states and states by practising spiritual exercises in a lonely place. Hence all the statements are correct.
Q.19) Which one of the following statements about the Treaty of Allahabad is NOT correct? (CAPF 2017)
(a) It was signed in the year 1765
(b) The Mughal Emperor by a Farman formally granted the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the East India Company
(c) Awadh was restored to its Nawab on payment of Rs. 50 Lakhs
(d) Banaras and the surrounding tracts were detached from Awadh and handed over to Shah Alam II.
Answer-d
Explanation
Treaty of Allahabad-
Robert Clive concluded two important treaties at Allahabad in August 1765- one with the Nawab of Awadh and the other with the Mughal Emperor, Shah Alam II.
Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula agreed to:
(i) surrender Allahabad and Kara to Emperor Shah Alam Il;
(ii) pay Rs 50 lakh to the Company as war indemnity; and
(ili) give Balwant Singh, Zamindar of Banaras, full possession of his estate.
Shah Alam II agreed to:
(i) reside at Allahabad, to be ceded to him by the Nawab of Awadh, under the Company's protection; (ii) issue a farman granting the diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the East India Company in lieu of an annual payment of Rs 26 lakh; and (ili) a provision of Rs 53 lakh to the Company in return for nizamat functions (military defence, police, and administration of justice) of the said provinces.
Clive did not want to annex Awadh because it would have placed the Company under an obligation to protect an extensive land frontier from the Afghan and the Maratha invasions. The treaty made the Nawab a firm friend of the Company, and turned Awadh into a buffer state.
Q.20) Consider the following statements: (CDS 2016)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither1 nor 2
Answer- c
Explanation
Tantraloka means “Light on Tantra” and was written by Abhinavgupta, it presents the teachings of the Kula and Trika systems. Hence option 1 is correct. It covers all of the nondual Kashmir Shaivite and Tantric philosophy and practices. The Tantraloka contains more than 5,800 verses over 37 chapters. The name of this book means “light on Tantra.” Tantra means “thread” or “to weave” and refers to the esoteric traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism. In the Western world today, Tantra has mistakenly been associated with uninhibited sex. Practices that generate sexual energy are just one aspect of Tantra.
Samarāiccakahā (The Story of Samarāicca) by Haribhadra Suri is a narrative which outlines the effects of karma in a story about the enmity of its characters which endures over several reincarnations. Hence statement 2 is correct.
Q.21) With reference to Buddhist history, tradition and culture in India, which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched? (CSE 2014)
Famous Shrine Location
Codes:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1,2 and 3
Answer- c
Explanation:
Tabo Monastery is located in the Tabo village of Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, northern India. It was founded in 996 CE in the Tibetan year of the Fire Ape by the Tibetan Buddhist lotsawa (translator) Rinchen Zangpo (Mahauru Ramabhadra), on behalf of the king of western Himalayan Kingdom of Guge, Yeshe-Ö. Tabo is noted for being the oldest continuously operating Buddhist enclave in both India and the Himalayas. Hence pair 1 is correct.
The Buddhist temples from the 12th century at Nako, in the Kinnaur region of Himachal Pradesh – Western Himalayas of India, have been identified as one of the 100 most endangered heritage sites by the Worlds Monuments Fund. Hence pair 2 is incorrect.
Alchi Monastery or Alchi Gompa is a Buddhist monastery, known more as a monastic complex of temples in Alchi village in the Leh District, of the Indian state under the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council of Jammu and Kashmir. The complex comprises four separate settlements in the Alchi village in the lower Ladakh region with monuments dated to different periods.Hence pair 3 is correct.
Q.22) Which one of the following statements about the land tenure system is NOT correct? (CAPF 2017)
(a) During the British rule in India three categories of the land tenure system, viz. Zamindari, Mahalwari, and Ryotwari were introduced
(b) Under the Zamindari system, the land was held by one person or at the most by a few joint owners who were responsible for the payment of land revenue
(c) Under the Mahalwari system, the agricultural lands belonged to the Government
(d) Under the Ryotwari system, the individual holders had the permanent rights over land and were directly responsible for payment of land revenue.
Answer- c
Explanation:
Mahalwari system was introduced in 1822 by Holt Mackenzie. Later, the system was reformed during the period of William Bentick (1833). This was the primary land revenue system in North-West India. It was introduced in Central Province, North-West Frontier, Agra, Punjab, Gangetic Valley, etc of British India. In this system, the land was divided into Mahals. Each Mahal comprises one or more villages. The entire village (Mahal) was considered as a single unit for tax collection. The village headman or village committee was assigned the responsibility to collect tax. Ownership rights were vested with the peasants. Hence option c is incorrect.
Q.23) Which one of the following dynasties ruled under the suzerainty of Kingdom of Vijayanagar? (CAPF 2017)
(a) Sangamas, Saluvas, Tuluvas and Aravidus
(b) Sangamas, Hoysalas, Aravidus and Tuluvas
(c) Hoysalas, Saluvas, Poligars and Sangamas
(d) Yadavas of Devagiri, Hoysalas, Saluvas and Aravidus.
Answer- a
Explanation:
Four dynasties, namely Sangama (1336-1485), Saluva(1485-1505), Tuluva (1505-1570) and Aravidu (1570-1646) ruled the Vijayanagar kingdom . Hence option a is correct.
Q.24) Consider the following statements. (CSE 2014)
Which of the statement(s) given above is / are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither1 nor 2
Answer- d
Explanation:
Pushti marg ("the Path of Grace") is a Vaishnav sect of Hinduism, founded by Vallabhacharya (also known as Mahaprabhuji) around 1500 AD. It is based on the Vedant philosophy of "Ekmevadwitiyam Brahm" (the ultimate truth is one & only one Brahm) and "Sarvam Khalu Idam Brahma" (whatever is there, is Brahm). Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
Bijak is the best known of the compilations of the Kabir, and as such is the holy scripture for followers of the Kabir panth sect. It also has a number of folk songs. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.
Q.25) A community of people called Manganiyars is well known for their. (CSE2014)
(a) martial arts in North-East India
(b) musical tradition in North-West India
(c) classical vocal music in South India
(d) pietra dura tradition in Central India
Answer- b
Explanation:
The Manganiar Muslim communities in Sindh, Pakistan and in the desert of Rajasthan, India in the districts of Barmer and Jaisalmer,. They are famous for their classical folk music. They are the groups of hereditary professional musicians, whose music has been supported by wealthy landlords and aristocrats for generations.
The Manganiars consider themselves descendants of the Rajputs and are renowned as highly skilled folk musicians of the Thar desert. Their songs are passed on from generation to generation as a form of oral history of the desert. They sing songs about Alexander the Great, about the local Maharajas and past battles in the region. Manganiars have survived for centuries on the patronage of wealthy merchants in caravan towns, particularly Jaisalmer where there is an important settled community today.
Q.26) With reference to the history of Indian rock-cut architecture, consider the following statements. (CSE-2014)
Which of the statement(s) given above is/ are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- c
Explanation:
The first example of rock-cut architecture seems to be a small cave called Son Bhandar at Rajgir. This is considered to be the site of first Buddhist council and therefore may be from Pre-Mauryan times. This cave has an oblong chamber with a crudely vaulted roof and square undecorated doorway. The oldest examples of Mauryan rock-cut architecture in India are the Barabar caves, located in the Barabar hills, in Jehanabad District of Bihar. There are four caves in Barabar dating back to the reign of Asoka (273-232 BC) and his grandson Dasaratha, initially for the Ajivika sect.
Hence statement 1 and 2 are incorrect.
The Badami cave temples are a complex of four Hindu, Jain and possibly Buddhist cave temples located in Badami, a town in the Bagalkot district in northern part of Karnataka, India. The caves are considered an example of Indian rock-cut architecture, especially Badami Chalukya architecture, which dates from the 6th century. Badami was previously known as Vataapi Badami, the capital of the early Chalukya dynasty, which ruled much of Karnataka from the 6th to the 8th century.
Ellora is one of the largest rock-cut monastery-temple caves complexes in the world, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Maharashtra, India. The site presents monuments and artwork of Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism from the 600-1000 CE period. Cave 16 of Ellora features the largest single monolithic rock excavation in the world, the Kailasha temple, a chariot shaped monument dedicated to Shiva. Hence statement 3 is correct.
Q.27) With reference to the book "Desher Katha" written by Sakharam Ganesh Deuskar during the freedom struggle, consider the following statements: (CSE 2020)
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer-a
Explanation:
Sakharam Ganesh Deuskar (1869- 1912) a close associate of Sri Aurobindo. A Marathi Brahmin who had settled in Bengal, Sakharam was born in Deoghar. He published a book entitled Desher Katha describing in exhaustive detail the British commercial and industrial exploitation of India. This book had an immense repercussion in Bengal, captured the mind of young Bengal and assisted more than anything else in the preparation of the Swadeshi movement. Published first in June 1904, Desher Katha sold ten thousand copies in four editions within the year. The fifth edition came out in 1905. The government of Bengal banned the book in 1910 and confiscated all the copies. Hence statement 1 is correct.
Sakharam Ganesh Deuskar popularized the ideas of Naoroji and Ranade and promoted swadeshi in a popular idiom. His text, titled Desher Katha (Story of the Nation/Country), written in 1904, warned against the colonial state’s ‘hypnotic conquest of the mind'. By the time Desher Katha was banned by the colonial state in 1910, it had sold over 15,000 copies, inspired swadeshi street plays and folk songs, and had become a mandatory text for an entire generation of swadeshi activists. Hence statement 2 is correct.
Deuskar used desh to mean nation. The overlap of place of origin and nation, as well as jati (literally birth, family or caste) and nationality inflected understandings of the nation/country in distinct ways. Moreover, the constant overlap and conflation of Bengal and India, and Bengalis and Indians in the use of desh and jati, added further twists to notions of nationalism. Hence statement 3 is incorrect.
It is worth quoting part of an article “Amader Desher Katha” [About our Country], that appeared in the children’s periodical Prakriti [Nature] in 1907: Though we constantly reiterate the phrase ‘our country’ do we have any exact idea of the actual constituents of that territory? . . What are the boundaries of our land? . . . Steering clear of political debates, let us see what Mother Nature has to say in this regard . . . her fingers point to a huge expanse - far greater than Bengal - as our nation. Following her directions we recognize the glorious Bharatbarsha as our majestic land. With walls of the highest mountains and the deepest caverns of the seas, Nature has carved out the contours of Bharat and made it distinct from the rest of the world . . . this great expanse called Bharatbarsha is our nation.
Q.28) Consider the following statements : (CDS 2016)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither1 nor 2
Answer-b
Explanation:
The Rummindei pillar stands near the shrine of Rummindei just within thr border of Nepal. The pillar was erected by Ashoka to commemorate the birthplace of the Buddha, the Lumbini grove. It is thought that the pillar locates the actual place, Rummindei being the modern name for Lumbini. Hence statement 1 is not correct.
Nigalisagar Pillar inscription was originally situated near the stupa of Buddha Konagamana stupa, six miles from Kapilavastu, and that the pillar was surmounted by a carved lion. Hence statement 2 is correct.
Q.29) Banjaras during the mediaeval period of Indian history were generally (CSE 2014)
(a) agriculturists
(b) warriors
(c) weavers
(d) traders
Answer: d
Explanation:
Banjaras were historically pastoralists, traders, expert breeders and transporters of goods on the inland regions of India, for which they used boats, carts, camels, oxen, donkeys and sometimes the relatively scarce horse, hence controlling a large section of trade and economy. Hence option d is correct.
Q.30) Regarding the taxation system of Krishna Deva, the ruler of Vijayanagar, consider the following statements:
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: c
Explanation:
Under the taxation system of Krishna Deva Land revenue was the chief source of income. Land was divided into four categories for purposes of assessment, wet land, dry land, orchards and woods. The rates of tax varied according to the type of the crops, soil, method of irrigation, etc. Hence statement 1 is correct
Many types of professional taxes were also imposed. There were on shopkeepers, farm servants, workmen, posters, shoemakers, musicians etc. There was also a tax on property. Grazing and house taxes were also imposed. Commercial taxes consisted of levies, duties and customs on manufactured articles of trade were also levied. Private owners of workshops paid an industries tax. Hence statement 2 is correct.
Q.31) Which of the following statements is/are true? (CDS 2016)
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 3 only
Answer- c
Explanation:
Fa-Hien, Fa-hsien and Sehi, was a Chinese Buddhist monk and translator who travelled by foot from China to India to acquire Buddhist texts. Faxian/Fa-Hien was a Buddhist monk whose pilgrimage to India (during the reign of Chandragupta II), he initiated Sino-Indian relations and whose writings give important information about early Buddhism.
Faxian described his journey through Central Asia to India and back to China by the maritime route via South-East
Asia. Hence option 1 is correct.
Starting his arduous journey about age 60, he visited sacred Buddhist sites in Central, South, and Southeast Asia between 399 and 412 CE, of which 10 years were spent in India . Hence statement 2 is in correct.
He visited many Buddhist sites in the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia to acquire Buddhist texts.
Faxian's main aim in coming to India was to obtain and take back texts containing monastic rules.
Hence option 3 is correct.
Q.32) What was the purpose with which Sir William Wedderburn and W.S.Caine had set up the Indian Parliamentary Committee in 1893? (CSE 2011)
(a) To agitate for Indian political reforms in the House of Commons
(b) To campaign for the entry of Indians into the Imperial Judiciary
(c) To facilitate a discussion on India’s Independence in the British Parliament
(d) To agitate for the entry of eminent Indians into the British Parliament
Answer- a
Explanation:
Sir William Wedderburn was born in March 1838 in Edinburgh, Scotland. The Wedderburns of the Scottish Border were a family of great antiquity. In 1859 Weddeburn appeared for the Indian Civil Service examination.He entered Parliament in 1893 as a Liberal member and sought to voice India's grievances in the House. He formed the Indian Parliamentary Committee with which he was associated as Chairman from 1893 to 1900. Hence option a is correct.
Q.33) Which of the following parties were established by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar? (CSE 2011)
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: b
Explanation:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was India's first Minister of Law and Justice was also the chief architect of the Constitution of India. He campaigned against social discrimination towards the untouchables (Dalits). He established the Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha to promote education and socio-economic improvement of the untouchables. He also founded the Independent Labor Party (1936) and Scheduled Castes Federation(1942). Hence statement 2 and 3 are correct.
Peasants and Workers Party of India was founded by Keshavrao Jedhe, Nana Patil and Madhavrao Bagal. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.
Q.34) Which of the following is/are the principal feature(s) of the Government of India Act, 1919? (CSE 2012)
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: c
Explanation:
This Act had a separate Preamble which declared that the objective of the British Government was the gradual introduction of responsible government in India.
Diarchy was introduced at the Provincial Level. Diarchy means a dual set of governments; one is accountable, the other is not accountable. Subjects of the provincial government were divided into two groups. One group was reserved, and the other group was transferred. The reserved subjects were controlled by the British Governor of the province; the transferred subjects were given to the Indian ministers of the province. Hence statement 1 is correct.
The Government of India Act of 1919 did not provide separate electorates for Muslims; instead, it was done in the Government of India Act of 1909. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
Devolution of legislative authority by the centre to the provinces is another important feature of GOI Act 1919, it introduced provincial legislative councils with limited powers to make laws on certain subjects. The transferred subjects were under the control of the Indian Ministers and the Legislative Council, providing more autonomy to the provinces. Hence statement 3 is correct.
Q.35) In the Government of India Act 1919, the functions of Provincial Government were divided into "Reserved" and "Transferred" subjects. Which of the following were treated as "Reserved" subjects? (CSE 2022)
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1, 3 and 4
(d) 1, 2 and 4
Answer- c
Explanation:
The Government of India Act 1919 dyarchy, i.e., there were two classes of administrators – Executive councillors and ministers. The Governor was the executive head of the province. The subjects were divided into two lists – reserved and transferred.
The governor was in charge of the reserved list along with his executive councillors. The subjects under this list were law and order, irrigation, finance, land revenue, etc.
The ministers were in charge of subjects under the transferred list. The subjects included were education, local government, health, excise, industry, public works, religious endowments, etc.
Hence option c is correct.
Q.36) Which of the following statements about the Vijayanagara Empire is/are true? (CDS 2016)
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 4 only
Answer: d
Explanation:
The Vijayanagara Empire (also called Karnata Empire, and the Kingdom of Bisnegar by the Portuguese) was based in the Deccan Plateau region in South India. It was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty. The Vijayanagar kings claimed to rule on behalf of God Virupaksha. Hence statement 1 is correct.
All the royal orders were signed ‘Shri Virupaksha’ usually in the Kannada script only (not Tamil and Sanskrit). The rulers also indicated their close links with the Gods by using the title ‘Hindu Suratrana’ which meant ‘Hindu Sultan’. Hence statement 2 is correct and 3 is incorrect.
Royal portrait sculptures were displayed in temples as the king's visit to the temple was considered a special occasion. Hence statement 4 is correct.
Q.37) With reference to Indian history, consider the following statements: (CSE 2022)
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: b
Explanation:
The Dutch arrived and built factories in 1605 and Gajapati rulers perished by 1543. Hence Statement 1 is incorrect:
Afonso de Albuquerque captured the city in 1510 from the Adil Shahis. Goa, which became the capital of the Portuguese East Indies and Portuguese Indian territories such as Bom Baim, was not among the places Albuquerque was supposed to conquer. Hence Statement 2 and 3 is correct.
Q.38) Consider the following statements about ‘the Charter Act of 1813’: (CSE 2019)
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: a
Explanation:
Charter act 1813 ended Company’s monopoly over trade in India, but the Company retained the trade with China and the trade in tea. The Company was to retain the possession of territories and the revenue for 20 years more, without prejudice to the sovereignty of the Crown. Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct.
The revenues of India were controlled by the British parliament through Pitt's India Act 1784. Hence statement 3 is incorrect.
Q.39) With reference to the period of India freedom struggle, which of the following was/were recommended by the ‘Nehru report’? (CSE 2011)
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: b
Explanation:
India should be given Dominion Status with the Parliamentary form of Government with bi-cameral legislature that consists of senate and House of Representatives
There were to be no separate electorate for minorities because it awakens communal sentiments therefore it should be scrapped and joint electorate should be introduced
It recommended Nineteen fundamental rights including equal rights for women, right to form unions, and universal adult suffrage.
Q.40) Which one of the following books was not illustrated with paintings in Akbar’s court? (CDS 2016)
(a) Hamzanama
(b) Razmnama
(c) Baburnama
(d) Tarikh-i-AIfi
Answer: d
Explanation:
Tarikh-i-Alfi was not illustrated with paintings in Akbar's court. The 'Tarikh-i-Alfi' or 'History of a Thousand Years' was written for the Mughal Emperor Akbar between 1582 and 1588.
Tarikh-i-Alfi or History of a Thousand (Years) the book was commissioned by the Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1582, in anticipation of the completion of a thousand years of the Hijri era, and it gives an account of the historical caliphs and Muslim kings who followed after the Prophet’s lifetime. As the first among the sequence of the great Mughal illustrated histories (stretching through to the Akbarnamas), the Tarikh-i-Alfi is extraordinarily important, and the present folio represents almost certainly the last opportunity to acquire a leaf from this outstanding manuscript, with all other known folios housed in permanent collections.
Hence option d is correct.
Q.41) The Congress ministries resigned in the seven provinces in 1939, because (CSE 2012)
(a) the Congress could not form ministries in the other four provinces
(b) emergence of a ‘left wing’ in the Congress made the working of the ministries impossible
(c) there were widespread communal disturbances in their provinces
(d) None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given above is correct
Answer: d
Explanation:
The Congress ministries resigned in October and November 1939, in protest against Viceroy Lord Linlithgow’s action of declaring India to be belligerent in the Second World War without consulting the Indian people. The resignations brought the Left and the Right in Congress closer because of a common policy on the question of participation in the war.
Q.42) The College of Fort William was established by which one of the following Governor-Generals? (CDS 2018)
(a) Warren Hastings
(b) Lord Cornwallis
(c) Richard Wellesley
(d) William Bentinck
Answer: c
Explanation:
Fort William College (also known as the College of Fort William) was an academy of oriental studies and a centre of learning, founded on 18 August 1800 by Lord Richard Wellesley, then Governor-General of British India, located within the Fort William complex in Calcutta. Wellesley started the Fort William College to train the European administrators. He backdated the statute of foundation to 4 May 1800, to commemorate the first anniversary of his victory over Tipu Sultan at Seringapatam. Thousands of books were translated from Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, Bengali, Hindi, and Urdu into English at this institution.
Q.43)Arrange the following in the chronological order of their implementation: ( CDS 2019)
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 4, 2, 1, 3
(b) 2, 4, 1, 3
(c) 3, 4, 1, 2
(d) 2, 1, 3, 4
Answer: a
Explanation:
Hence option a is correct.
Q.44) Bal Gangadhar Tilak was associated with : (CAPF 2015)
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c ) 1, 2 and 4
(d) 1 and 4 only
Answer: a
Explanation:
Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, was a sociopolitical organisation in British Raj which started with the aim of working as a mediating body between the government and people of India and to popularise the peasants' legal rights.It was formed in 1867 by Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi. provided many of the prominent leaders of national stature to the Indian freedom struggle including Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
Tilak has famously opposed the Age of Consent Bill which had raised the age limit for marriage of girls from 10 to 12 years. It is true that he was a reactionary and did not use his influence to help the social reformers, largely because he did not want to offend the rigid social system.
Dayanand Saraswati established a committee for the protection of cows called Gaurakshini Sabha in 1882.
Atmiya Sabha was founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1814. It was founded by him to campaign against idolatry, caste rigidities, meaningless rituals, and other social evils.
Hence option a is correct.
Q.45) Which one of the following statements is NOT correct? (CAPF 2017)
(a) Sharaf Qai was a minister of Allauddin Khalji
(b) Under Giyasuddin Tughluq Muqtis were warned not to ill-treat any of their officials for small amounts taken over and above their salaries
(c) The Arabic work masalik-i-Absar gives description of the functioning of Igta system under Muhammad bin Tughluq
(d) Marco Polo has not mentioned about Pearl Fishery of Tuticorin in South India
Answer: d
Explanation:
For matters relating to cultivation, Khilji had a simple formula: the burden of the strong was not to be thrown at the weak. The arable land was measured and the farmer had to pay according to the amount of land he cultivated. The entire land was measured under the supervision of the revenue minister, Sharaf Qai, and Khilji’s great army. Hence option a is correct.
Masalik -i-absar gives a detailed account of iqta system under Muhammad bin tughlaq. Hence option b is correct.
Iqta, a practice of tax farming, was introduced by Iltutmish. Holders of Iqta were called Iqtadar or Muqti. In exchange for their military services, the Muqtis collected the revenues of their assignments as salary. Under Giyasuddin Tughluq Muqtis were warned not to ill-treat any of their officials for small amounts taken over and above their salaries. Hence option c is correct.
Marco Polo describes the pearl fishery of Malabar coast and also mentioned the Pearl Fishery of Tuticorin in South India. Hence option d is not correct.
Q.46) Which political party formally accepted the Cabinet Mission Plan on 6th June, 1946, which had rejected the demand for a sovereign Pakistan? (CDS 2018)
(a) The Hindu Mahasabha
(b) The Congress
(c) The Muslim League
(d) The Unionist Party
Answer: c
Explanation:
The Muslim League on June 6 and the Congress on June 24, 1946 accepted the long-term plan put forward by the Cabinet Mission. Hence option c is correct.
Q.47) With reference to the history of India, consider the following pairs: (CSE 2020)
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched ?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: b
Explanation:
Aurang - A Persian term for a warehouse - a place where goods are collected before being sold; also refers to a workshop
Banian- Agent of East India Company, term used for Bania.
Mirasidars- village elites called mirasidars, very often belonging to Brahman and other high castes, asserted their rights of ownership over the land of the entire village and controlled village affairs. They are revenue payer to the state. Hence option b is correct.
Q.48) Regarding Wood's Despatch, which of the following statements are true? (CSE 2018)
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: a
Explanation:
In 1854, Charles Wood prepared a despatch on an educational Stem for India. Considered the "Magna Carta of English Education in India", this document was the first comprehensive plan for the spread of education in India.
Q.49) Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists: (EPFO 2023)
List I (Congress Session)
List II (President)
i Madan Mohan Malaviya
ii Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar
iii Bishan Narayan Dar
iv Bhupendra Nath Bose
Codes:
(a) a- i, b- iii, c- ii, d- iv
(b) a- i, b- ii, c- iii, d- iv
(c) a- iv, b- ii, c- iii, d- i
(d) a- iv, b- iii, c- ii, d- i
Answer: a
Explanation:
In Lahore, the 24th session of the Indian National Congress was underway with Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya delivering the presidential address.
Composed by Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore, Jana Gana Mana was first sung on 27 December 1911 at the Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress (INC). At this session, Tagore’s niece, Sarala Devi Chowdhurani, and a few other school students performed the anthem in front of notable pre-independence leaders, including then-President Bishan Narayan Dhar, Ambika Charan Mazumder, and Bhupendra Nath Bose.
The 27th session of the Indian National Congress was held at Bankipur in the Patna district of Bihar in 1912. The session was presided over by Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar.
The 29th Session of the Indian National Congress took place in December 1914, in a grand pavilion Nungambakkam, Madras (present day Chennai district) in Tamil Nadu. Among the esteemed leaders present there was the President of the session Bhupendranath Basu, accompanied by former Congress presidents like Surendranath Banerjee, R. N. Mudholkar, C. Vijaraghavachariar, as well as the Secretaries of the Congress Committee, L. A. Govindaraghava Aiyar, V. MasilamaniPillai, S. Srinivasa Aiyengar, C. P. Ramaswami Aiyer, G. A. Natean, and T. Rangachariar.
Q.50) The proposals of the Cabinet Mission did NOT include : (CAPF 2015)
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: b
Explanation:
According to cabinet mission-
Grouping of existing provincial assemblies into three
sections:
Section-A: Madras, Bombay, Central Provinces, United Provinces, Bihar and Orissa (Hindu-majority provinces)
Section-B: Punjab, North-West Frontier Province and
Sindh (Muslim-majority provinces)
Section-C: Bengal and Assam (Muslim-majority provinces.
Three-tier executive and legislature at provincial, section and union levels.
A constituent assembly was to be elected by provincial assemblies by proportional representation (voting in three groups General, Muslims, Sikhs). This constituent assembly would be a 389-member body with provincial assemblies sending 292, chief commissioner's provinces sending 4, and princely states sending 93 members. (This was a good, democratic method not based on weightage.) In the constituent assembly, members from groups
A, B and C were to sit separately to decide the constitution.
Cabinet mission Rejected the demand for a full-fledged Pakistan.
Hence statement 3 is incorrect.
Q.51) What was the Dutt-Bradley thesis? (CDS 2019)
(a) The Working Committee of the Indian National Congress decided that Congress should play a crucial role in realising the independence of india
(b) The Socialist party decided to play foremost part in anti-imperialist struggle
(c) Revolutionary socialist Batukeshwar Dutt put forth a ten-point plan to work for the success of anti-imperialist front
(d) It was a Communist party document, according to which the National Congress could play a great part and a foremost part in realizing the anti-imperialist people's front
Answer: d
Explanation:
THE Dutt-Bradley Thesis was published in International Press Correspondence (INPRECOR), the journal of Communist International, on February 29, 1936. It was also called the thesis for Anti-imperialist People's Front in India. This Thesis was published in the background of significant international and national developments. While internationally fascism was on the ascendancy, nationally, this was the time when the Civil Disobedience Movement was called off and there was big disappointment among the younger elements in the national movement. The Congress Socialist Party (CSP), which was formed in late 1934, was very much influenced by the Marxist approach to the colonial question. With the emergence of the CSP, a non-sectarian trend of thought developed. Hence option d is correct.
Q.52) Arrange the following events associated with Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya in chronological order, starting with the earliest: (EPFO 2023)
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 3-4-1-2
(b) 4-3-1-2
(c) 4-3-2-1
(d) 3-4-2-1
Answer: b
Explanation:
Banaras Hindu University was d under the Parliamentary Legislation - The B.H.U. Act 1915. Founded by Mahamana Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviyaji in 1916, Banaras Hindu University is one of the most prestigious Central Universities in the country.
The Congress Nationalist Party was a political party in British India. It was founded by Madan Mohan Malaviya and Madhav Shrihari Aney in 1934. The Communal Award was announced in 1932 to grant separate electorates to minority communities in Indian legislatures.
The Leader (24 October 1909 – 6 September 1967) was one of the most influential English-language newspapers in India during British Raj. Founded by Madan Mohan Malviya, the paper was published in Allahabad. Under C. Y. Chintamani, a dynamic editor from 1909 to 1934, it acquired a large readership in North India.
The hostel was built by visionary nationalist leader and great educationist Mahamana Madan Mohan Malviya in 1901 at a cost of Rs 2.5 lakh.
Hence option b is correct.
Q.53) With reference to Indian history, consider the following statements: (CSE 2022)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 3 only
Answer: b
Explanation:
The first of the Mongol invasions was ordered by the Mongol ruler Duwa, who sent his noyan Kadar (or Keder) to India with a 100,000-strong force. In the winter of 1297-98, Kadar invaded and ravaged the Punjab region of the Delhi Sultanate, which was ruled by Alauddin Khalji. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.
The fourth Mongol invasion took place only after some months of Ala-ud-din’s return from Chittor in 1303 A.D. The Mongols numbering 1,20,000 horsemen under the command of Targhi moved so swiftly that provincial governors could not get time to reach Delhi to help the Sultan.
Besides, a large part of the army of Ala-ud-din had left for Telingana campaign and the army left at Delhi was insufficient and weak after its tough battle at Chittor. Therefore, Ala-ud-din was not in a position to face the Mongols in an open battle.
He retired to the fort of Siri and took up defensive position. The Mongols plundered the environs of Delhi and besieged the fort for two months. But as they were ignorant of the art of siege-warfare, they failed to capture the fort and withdrew.
The invasion of Targhi awakened Ala-ud-din to the necessity of frontier defence. He made Siri his capital, strengthened its fortifications, repaired the fort of Delhi and those in the North-West, constructed some new ones there, kept standing armies in them, kept a separate and permanent army for the defence of the North-West, appointed a separate governor for the same and increased the number and efficiency of his army. Hence statement 2 is correct.
In 1327 the Chagatai Mongols under Tarmashirin, who had sent envoys to Delhi to negotiate peace the previous year, sacked the frontier towns of Lamghan and Multan and besieged Delhi. The Tughlaq ruler paid a large ransom to spare his Sultanate from further ravages. Muhammad bin Tughluq asked the Ilkhan Abu Sa’id to form an alliance against Tarmashirin, who had invaded Khorasan, but an attack didn’t materialize.Tarmashirin was a Buddhist who later converted to Islam. Religious tensions in the Chagatai Khanate were a divisive factor among the Mongols. Hence statement 3 is incorrect.
Q.54) Which of the following led to the introduction of English Education in India? (CSE 2018)
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: d
Explanation:
The Charter Act of 1813 incorporated the principle of encouraging learned Indians and promoting knowledge of modern sciences in the country. The Act directed the Company to sanction one lakh rupees annually for this purpose.
The General Committee on Public Instruction, the Anglicists argued that the government spending on education should be exclusively for modern studies.
The Orientalists said while Western sciences and literature should be taught to prepare students to take up jobs, emphasis should be placed on expansion of traditional Indian learning.
Even the Anglicists were divided over the question of medium of instruction; one faction was for English language as the medium, while the other faction was for Indian languages (vernaculars) for the purpose. Hence option d is correct.
Q.55) The Gandhi-Irwin Pact included which of the following? (CSE 2020)
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2 and 4 only
Answer: d
Explanation:
The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was a 1931 agreement signed by Mahatma Gandhi, a prominent leader of the Indian Nationalist Movement, and Lord Irwin, the British Viceroy of India.
Apart from the provisions that are mentioned above, there were some other demands as well that were denied by Lord Irwin. Even if he wanted to bow down and negotiate, he still wanted to keep the British heads high in the air.
1)Mahatma Gandhi demanded the turn of the death sentences of prominent freedom fighters, Sukhdev, Rajguru and Bhagat Singh, into life sentences. It was rejected by Lord Irwin.
2)Public inquiry should be made on the excesses that the police committed on the people amidst the movements.
Hence only statements 1,2 and 4 are correct.
Q.56) While opposing the Public Safety Bill, 1928 who among the following said that it was 'a direct attack on Indian nationalism on the Indian National Congress' and as 'the Slavery of India, Bill No.1'? (NDA 2015)
(a) Motilal Nehru
(b) Lala Lajpat Rai
(c) T Prakasham
(d) Diwan Chaman Lal
Answer: b
Explanation:
Motilal Nehru said that it was 'a direct attack on Indian nationalism, on the Indian National Congress' and as 'the Slavery of India, Bill No. 1'. The Public Safety bill, 1928 was passed to curb the activities of socialists and communists.
Slavery of India, Bill No.1: An Act to for declaring and amending the Law regarding the condition of Slavery within the Territories of the East India Company.
Q.57) 'Chandimangala' was composed in which one of the following languages during the 16th century CE ? (CDS 2019)
(a) Sanskrit
(b) Tamil
(c) Bengali
(d) Oriya
Answer: c
Explanation:
The Chandimangal is an important subgenre of mangalkavya, the most significant genre of medieval Bengali literature. The texts belonging to this subgenre eulogize Chandi or Abhaya, primarily a folk goddess, but subsequently identified with Puranic goddess Chandi. This identification was probably completed a few centuries before the earliest composition of the Chandimangalkavya.
Hence option c is correct.
Q.58) With reference to the cultural history of India, consider the following statements: (CSE 2018)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: d
Explanation:
The Buland Darwaza is made of red and buff sandstone, decorated by white and black marble and is higher than the courtyard of the mosque. The Buland Darwaza is symmetrical and is topped by large free-standing kiosks, which are the chhatris. It also has terrace edge gallery kiosks on the roof, stylised buckler-battlements, small minor-spires, and inlay work with white and black marble. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.
Imambara instead of stones and marble, brick and lime were used. Bara Imambara stands as the most imposing and grand structure in entire Lucknow. The architectural and structural design of Bara Imambara is one of its kinds.Rumi Darwaza, Bara Imambara, Chhatar Manzil are monuments are fragile in terms of structural strength (because) The common material used for raising most of the monuments in Lucknow was brick and plaster, says Times of India. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
Q.59) Which one among the following explains the meaning of the 'Safety Valve Theory' in the context of Indian National Movement? (CAPF 2014)
(a) A theory that argued that the Congress was formed as a safe outlet to the discontented educated Indians
(b) A theory that argued that the Congress was formed as a safe outlet to the hostile attitude of the British towards the Indian people
(c ) A theory which believed that the British and the ex-rebels of 1857 should amicably resolve their differences against each other
(d) An idea aimed at promoting goodwill among the Indian people
Answer: a
Explanation:
The Safety Valve Theory has been used to explain the formation of the Indian National Congress in the late 19th century. According to this theory, the British colonial government allowed the formation of the Indian National Congress as a way to channel the growing discontent among the Indian population into a peaceful and manageable movement. In other words, the Congress was seen as a safety valve to release the growing pressure of nationalist sentiments in India, without posing a direct threat to British colonial rule.
The British colonial government was aware of the rising nationalist sentiments in India, especially after the 1857 Indian Rebellion, and realized that they needed to find a way to channel this sentiment into a peaceful movement that would not threaten their rule. The formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885 was seen as a way to achieve this goal.
The Congress was initially formed as a platform for Indian elites to voice their concerns and grievances to the British colonial government. The Congress leaders, who were mostly educated and wealthy Indians, were not initially interested in demanding complete independence from British rule. Instead, they sought to promote Indian interests within the British colonial system, and hoped to gain more representation and participation in the colonial government.
Safety Valve Theory provides a useful explanation for the formation of the Indian National Congress and its role in the Indian nationalist movement. The British colonial government saw the Congress as a way to channel growing nationalist sentiment into a peaceful and manageable movement, and by doing so, hoped to maintain their control over India. However, as the Congress became more radical and demanded greater independence, the safety valve theory became less relevant, and the Indian nationalist movement grew more determined to achieve complete independence from British rule.
Hence statement a is correct.
Q.60) Consider the following statements about Ashokan rock edicts : (NDA 2015)
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 4 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 4
Answer: a
Explanation:
The Edicts of Ashoka are a collection of more than thirty inscriptions on the pillars, as well as boulders and cave walls, attributed to Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan Empire who reigned from 268 BCE to 232 BCE. Ashoka used the expression Dhaṃma Lipi (Prakrit in the Brahmi script: "Inscriptions of the Dharma") to describe his own Edicts.
Major Rock Edict X: Disapproves of the individual’s desire for fame and glory and stresses on Dhamma.
Major Rock Edict XIII: Mentions victory over Kalinga. Mentions Ashoka’s Dhamma victory over Greek Kings Antiochus of Syria (Amtiyoko), Ptolemy of Egypt (Turamaye), Magas of Cyrene (Maka), Antigonus of Macedon (Amtikini), Alexander of Epirus (Alikasudaro). Also mentions Pandyas, Cholas, etc.
Major Rock Edict XII: Tolerance for all religions and sects.
Hence statements 1 and 4 are correct.
Q.61) Consider the following statements : (CSE 2021)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: b
Explanation:
The Act of 1919 introduced Diarchy in the provinces. Accordingly, the Rights of the Central and Provincial Governments were divided in clear-cut terms. The central list included rights over defence, foreign affairs, telegraphs, railways, postal, foreign trade etc. The Montague Chelmsford reforms of 1919 did not recommend granting voting rights to all women above the age of 21. Although it recommended the voting rights to women in limited numbers to be extended on the basis of property, tax or education. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.
In any Province to which a seat reserved for women is allotted, a woman to fill that seat shall be chosen by the persons, whether men or women, who hold seats in the Chamber or, as the case may be, the Chambers of the Legislature of that Province. Hence statement 2 is correct.
Q.62) Consider the following statements: (CDS 2019)
Statement I: Non-cooperation began in Punjab with the student movement inspired by Lala Lajpat Rai in January 1921.
Statement II: The Sikh dominated central Punjab countryside was stirred by the powerful Akali upsurge.
Answer: b
Explanation:
Non-Cooperation Movement was initiated by Mahatma Gandhi. To advance the Indian nationalist cause, the indian national congress under the leadership of Gandhi decided in 1920 to follow a policy of passive resistance to British rule. Lala Lajpat Rai led the movement in Punjab.
The Sikh-dominated central Punjab countryside was stirred to its depths, however, by the powerful Akali upsurge, initially quite an independent religious reform movement which for a time got closely identified with NonCooperation.
Hence both the statement are individually true but Statement II is NOT the correct explanation of Statement I.
Q.63) With reference to Mughal India, what is/are the difference/differences between Jagirdar and Zamindar? (CSE 2019)
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: d
Explanation:
Both statements are incorrect:
Jagirdars were holders of land assignments in lieu of judicial and police duties, whereas Zamindars were holders of revenue rights without obligation to perform any duty other than revenue collection. The system was introduced by the Sultans of Delhi from the 13th century onwards, was later adopted by the Mughal Empire, and continued under the British East India Company. Some Hindu jagirdars were converted into Muslim vassal states under Mughal imperial sway, such as the nawwabs of Kurnool
The zamindars were hereditary owners of their lands who enjoyed certain privileges on hereditary basis. They occupied an important place in the empire because they helped in the collection of revenue and in local administration, for which they maintained soldiers.
Q.64) With reference to ancient South India, Korkai, Poompuhar, and Muchiri were well-known as (CSE 2023)
(a) capital cities
(b) ports
(c) centres of iron-and-steel making
(d) shrines of Jain Tirthankaras
Answer: b
Explanation:
Option B is correct: With reference to ancient South India, Korkai, Poompuhar and Muchiri were well-known as important ports and trade centres. These cities were located along the coast of Tamil Nadu and Kerala and had connections with various regions of Asia and Africa. They were also the sites of cultural and religious exchange, as evidenced by the presence of temples, monuments and inscriptions.
Q.65) Consider the following statements: (NDA 2017)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: c
Explanation:
In 1781, Warren Hastings set up the Calcutta Madrassa for the study and teaching of Muslim law and related subjects; and, in 1791, Jonathan Duncan started a Sanskrit College at Varanasi, where he was the Resident, for the study of Hindu law and philosophy. Both these institutions were designed to provide a regular supply of qualified Indians to help the administration of law in the courts of the Company. Hence statement 1 is correct.
In 1791, Jonathan Duncan started the Sanskrit College at Benares to promote the study of Hindu laws and philosophy in Banaras. (In 1958, the Sanskrit College became a university and in 1974 the name was changed to Sampurnanand Sanskrit University.) Hence statement 2 is correct.
Q.66) On 31st December 1929, in which of the following Congress Sessions was the proclamation of Purna Swaraj made? (CDS 2020)
(a) Ahmedabad
(b) Calcutta
(c) Lahore
(d) Lucknow
Answer: c
Explanation:
The Indian National Congress, on 19 December 1929, passed the historic ‘Purna Swaraj’ – (total independence) resolution – at its Lahore session. A public declaration was made on 26 January 1930 – a day which the Congress Party urged Indians to celebrate as ‘Independence Day’. The declaration was passed due to the breakdown of negotiations between leaders of the freedom movement and the British over the question of dominion status for India.
Q.67) Match List - I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below the lists: (CAPF 2014)
List - I (Social activist) List – II (Activity/Organisation)
(a) A - 4, B - 3, C - 2, D - 1
(b) A - 2, B - 4, C - 3, D - 1
(c) A - 1, B - 4, C - 3, D - 2
(d) A - 1, B - 3, C - 4, D - 2
Answer: b
Explanation:
Lok Sangharsh Morcha (People's Struggle Front) is led by Tarsem Jodhan, a former MLA who had represented the Communist Party of India (Marxist) in Punjab, India. It was formed in 2000. Its membership comes primarily from brick-kiln workers, rural peasants, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act workers, and trade union workers.
The Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (Association for the Empowerment of Labourers and Farmers) is an Indian political organisation best known for its demand for the Right to Information Act (RTI) which grew out of the demand for minimum wages for workers. Aruna Roy is a social activist and founder of the Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS).
Krishak Mukti Sangram Samiti (KMSS) is a peasant organisation based in Assam. Formed by the RTI activist Akhil Gogoi in 2005, the organisation works on a diverse range of issues from Public Distribution System (PDS) thefts, non-implementation of National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), land rights, governmental and corporate corruption, Right to Information Act (RTI) and construction of big dams in fragile seismic territories of north east India.
Pani Panchayat is a voluntary activity of a group of farmers engaged in the collective management (harvesting and distribution) of surface water and groundwater (wells and percolation tanks).
Q.68) Who believed that the Russian designs were 'an imminent peril to the security and tranquility' of the Indian Empire in 1836? (CDS 2020)
(a) Lord Auckland
(b) Lord Palmerston
(c) Lord Canning
(d) Alexander Burnes
Answer: b
Explanation:
Lord Palmerston believed that the Russian designs were 'an imminent peril to the security and tranquillity' of the Indian empire.
Lord Palmerston served twice as Prime Minister of Britan in mid 19th century. It was during his time as PM, he introduced a bill for the transfer of control of the Government of India from the East India Company to the crown.
Hence option b is correct.
Q.69) Which of the following statements about Bhagat Singh is/are NOT true? (CAPF 2019)
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: c
Explanation:
He was a socialist freedom fighter.
Born in Banga village of Faisalabad district in 1907.
1923: joined the National College, Lahore (a swadeshi institution founded by Lala Lajpat Rai).
1925: started Naujawan Bharat Sabha, a militant youth organisation.
1926: established Workers and Peasants Party with Sohan Singh Josh
In 1928, the Hindustan Socialist Association (HSRA) was also established by him, along with Sukhdev, Chandrasekhar Azad and others.He was strongly against capitalism and influenced by socialism. Hence statement 1 and 2 are correct.
Bhagat Singh and B.K. Dutt threw a bomb on 8th April, 1929 in the Central Legislative Assembly, in protest against the passing of two repressive bills, the Public Safety Bill and the Trade Dispute Bill.The aim, was not to kill but to make the deaf hear, and to remind the foreign government of its callous exploitation. Hence statement 3 is not correct.
Q.70) Consider the following statements: (CSE 2019)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: a
Explanation:
In the revenue administration of Delhi Sultanate, the in-charge of revenue collection was known as 'Amil'. Hence statement 1 is correct.
Igta is an Arabic word and the institution had been in force in the early Islamic world as a form of reward for services to the state. It was used in the Caliphate administration as a way of financing operations and paying civil and military officers. It was not an ancient indigenous institution. The initial Turkish conquests in India in the early 13th century displaced many local chiefs. In order to consolidate, the Turkish rulers made revenue assignments (iqta), in lieu of cash, to their nobles. So, gtas were provinces or spheres of influence which were put under the charge of officers called 'Iqtadars' (governors). Hence statement 2 is not correct.
In Akbar's administration, the military department was headed by Mir Bakshi which looked after all matters pertaining to the military administration. He was also considered as the head of nobility. Hence statement 3 is not correct.
Q.71) The Vital - Vidhvansak, the first monthly journal to have the untouchable people as its target audience was published by (CSE 2020)
(a) Gopal Baba Walangkar
(b) Jyotiba Phule
(c) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
(d) Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
Answer: a
Explanation:
Gopal Baba Walangkar, also known as Gopal Krishna, ( 1840-1900) is an early example of an activist working to release the untouchable people of India from their historic socio-economic oppression, and is generally considered to be the pioneer of that movement. He developed a racial theory to explain the oppression and also published the monthly journal Vital-Vidhvansak, targeted at the Brahmanical Orthodoxy. Hence option a is correct
Q.72) Which one among the following was/were the motive/motives behind Muhammad Bin Tughlaq's transfer of capital from Delhi to Daulatabad? (CAPF 2014)
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: d
Explanation:
Reasons behind the Transfer of Capital
Daulatabad was centrally located and was equidistant from Delhi and other important places.
Because Delhi was within the reach of the Mongols, Daulatabad appeared to be at a safe distance from the possible Mongol attacks in the future.
It is said that he ordered most people of Delhi to shift to Daulatabad. There was resentment among the people as they did not want to shift from Delhi.
Consequences of the Transfer of the Capital
Because the 1,500 km journey was arduous, many people died on the way, and the survivors were not able to adjust to the new conditions.
Without the king, Delhi now became prone to Mongol attacks. Later, Muhammad bin Tughlaq shifted his capital back to Delhi.
Hence all the statements are correct.
Q.73) With reference to educational institutions during colonial rule in India, consider the following pairs: (CSE 2018)
Institution Founder
Which of the pairs given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: b
Explanation:
In 1791 due to the sincere efforts of the British resident, Jonathan Duncan, a Sanskrit College was established to promote the study of Hindu laws and philosophy in Banaras. Hence pair 1 is incorrect.
Calcutta Madrasa, The (later Calcutta Aliya Madrasa) was the earliest of the state-managed educational institutions under the British rule in India. Founded by the Governor General warren hastings, in October 1780 with its entire expense borne by him for a year and a half, of course fully reimbursed later, the Bengal Government took it over in April 1782. Hence pair 2 is correct.
Fort William College was an academy of oriental studies and a centre of learning, founded on 10 July 1800 by Lord Richard Wellesley, then Governor-General of British India, located within the Fort William complex in Calcutta. Hence pair 3 is incorrect.
Q.74) Which among the following statements about the Jallianwala bagh massacre is/are correct? (CAPF 2019)
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: d
Explanation:
After passing the Rowlatt Act, the Punjab Government set out to suppress all opposition.
On April 13, 1919, the public had gathered to celebrate Baisakhi. However, the British point of view indicates that it was a political gathering.
Inspite of General Dyer’s orders prohibiting unlawful assembly, people gathered at Jallianwala Bagh, where two resolutions were to be discussed, one condemning the firing on April 10 and the other requesting the authorities to release their leaders.
When the news reached him Brigadier-General Dyer, headed to the Bagh with his troops.
He entered the Bagh, deployed his troops and ordered them to open fire without giving any warning.
People rushed to the exits but Dyer directed his soldiers to fire at the exit. Hence option d is correct.
Q.75) The elected President of the All India Kisan Sabha, which met in Vijayawada (1944), was ________.
(a) Sahajananda Saraswati
(b) Vinoba Bhave
(c) Achyut Rao Patwardhan
(d) Narendra Dev
Answer: a
Explanation:
The All India Kisan Sabha held its eighth session in Bzwada, now called Vijayawada in Andhra Pradesh. The session was held between 14-15th March 1944. Swami Sahajanand Saraswati was elected as the president of this session. The first All India Kisan Sabha - a peasant-based organisation - was held in 1936. Hence option a is correct.
Q.76) In the context of Indian history, the Rakhmabai case of 1884 revolved around (CSE 2020)
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: b
Explanation:
Rukhmabai (1864-1955) was the first practising female doctor in colonial India. Although Anandibai Joshi was the first Indian female doctor, she couldn’t practise due to her untimely death. Rukhmabai also made her mark in history due to the legal case she was involved in, which contributed to the enactment of the Age of Consent Act, 1891.
In 1885, after 12 years of marriage, her husband sought “restitution of conjugal rights”, Rakhmabai was ordered to go live with her husband or spend six months in jail. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
Rakhmabai refused to live with the man she was married to as a child, as she had no say in the marriage. Rakhmabai wrote to Queen Victoria. The Queen overruled the court’s verdict and dissolved the marriage.
The ripples that the case created led to the influence on the passage of the Age of Consent Act, 1891, which made child marriages illegal across the British Empire. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
Though Rakhmabai became the first women doctor to practice medicine in British India, the case was not related to the women’s right to gain education. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
Q.77) Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the Lists: (CAPF 2017)
List I (Author) List II (Book)
(a) A - 2, B - 1, C - 4, D - 3
(b) A - 3, B - 4, C - 1, D - 2
( c) A - 2, B - 4, C - 1, D - 3
(d) A - 3, B - 1, C - 4, D - 2
Answer: b
Explanation:
The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History- The Delhi Sultanate was the first Islamic state to be established in India. This book traces its history from 1210 to its demise at the sack of Delhi in 1400. While the focus is on military and political affairs, the book also explores the Sultans' relations with their non-Muslim subjects. In a broad-ranging, accessible narrative, Peter Jackson traces the history of the Sultanate from its foundation in 1210 to its demise in 1400 at the sack of Delhi by the Central Asian conqueror, Tamerlane.
Sunil Kumar charts the history of the structures that sustained and challenged this regime- Delhi Sultanate at its greatest extent, under the Tughlaq dynasty, 1330–1335. 1312. The foundation of the Sultanate was laid by the Ghurid conqueror Muhammad Ghori who routed the Rajput Confederacy led by Ajmer ruler Prithviraj Chauhan in 1192 near Tarain, after suffering a reverse against them earlier.
The State in India:1000-1700- (Hermann Kulke) Since the 1940s, re-evaluations of the nature of the State have been a major preoccupation among historians worldwide. There has been a debate on the extent to which the State is independent of the interests of the ruling class. Pre-colonial India provides a unique testing ground for such debates, for it provides examples of State forms which vary enormously.
The Making of Early Medieval India (Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya) is a collection of essays which together seek to explore the processes and nature of change in Indian society over a period of about six hundred years, approximately between the seventh and the thirteenth centuries. The notion of change articulated in these essays marks a radical departure from what exists in the current historiography of the period.
Q.78) Regarding the Indus Valley Civilization, consider the following statements: (CSE 2011)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: c
Explanation:
Q.79) Which of the following statements about Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar is/are NOT correct? (CAPF 2019)
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 4 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 4
Answer: b
Explanation:
The great scholar and reformer, Vidyasagar's ideas were a happy blend of Indian and Western thought. He believed in high moral values, was a deep humanist and was generous to the poor. In 1850, he became the principal of Sanskrit College. He was determined to break the priestly monopoly of scriptural knowledge, and for this he opened the Sanskrit College to non-brahmins.
He introduced Western thought in Sanskrit College to break the self-imposed isolation of Sanskritic learning. As an academician, he evolved a new methodology to teach Sanskrit. He also devised a new Bengali primer and evolved a new prose style. Hence statement 1 is correct.
Ishwar Chandra gained the title Vidyasagar which means ocean of knowledge in Sanskrit. He earned the title when he was studying at the Sanskrit College of Calcutta at 22 years of age. The title Vidyasagar was given to him due to his vast knowledge on a multitude of subjects. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
Vidyasagar started a movement in support of widow remarriage which resulted in legislation of widow remarriage.
He was also a crusader against child marriage and polygamy.
He did much for the cause of women's education. As government inspector of schools, he helped organise thirty-five girls' schools many of which he ran at his own expense. As secretary of Bethune School (established in 1849), he was one of the pioneers of higher education for women in India. Hence statement 3 is correct and 4 is incorrect.
Q.80) Which one of the following is believed to be a compilation of the psalms sung by the women? (CAPF 2015)
(a) Sumangalavilasini
(b) Therigatha
(c) Stridharmapaddhati
(d) Ritusamhara
Answer: b
Explanation:
The Therigatha, often translated as Verses of the Elder Nuns is a Buddhist text, a collection of short poems of early enlightened women who were elder nuns (having experienced 10 Vassa or monsoon periods). The poems date from a three hundred year period, with some dated as early as the late 6th century BCE.
According to Thanissaro Bhikkhu, the Therigatha is the "earliest extant text depicting women’s spiritual experiences."
Q.81) Consider the following statements about Rashtrakuta kings: (NDA 2017)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: b
Explanation:
Rashtrakuta kings were not only patrons of Shaivism but also supported other religions like Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism etc. They not only patronised scholars in Sanskrit but supported the scholars in Kannada also. Many of the scholars who flourished in the court of Rashtrakuta kings wrote in sanskrit,kannada,Apabhramsha and prakrit languages. Hence option b is correct.
Q.82) The Sufi work Kashf-ul-mahjub was written by (CAPF 2019)
(a) Abu'l Hasan al Hujwiri
(b) Moinuddin Chishti
(c) Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya
(d) Amir Khusrau
Answer: a
Explanation:
The Kashf al-Maḥjūb was the first formal treatise on Sufism, compiled in the 11th-century by the Persian scholar Ali al-Hujwiri. The work contains a complete system of Sufism with its doctrines and practices. Mystical controversies and current opinions are illustrated where many are clarified by presenting his experiences. The book with its Persian flavour of philosophical speculation and fiction is itself a piece of the identity of al-Hujwiri (also known as Data Ganj Baksh).
Q.83) Consider the following statements: (CSE 2019)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: d
Explanation:
Nimbarka, Nimbaditya or Niyamananda, was a Hindu philosopher, theologian and the chief proponent of the theology of Dvaitadvaita (dvaita–advaita) or dualistic–non-dualistic. He played a major role in spreading the worship of the divine couple Radha and Krishna, and founded Nimbarka Sampradaya, one of four main traditions of Hindu sect Vaishnavism. According to Malkovsky, Satyanand has convincingly demonstrated that Nimbarka and his immediate disciple Shrinivasa flourished well before Ramanuja (1017–1137 CE), arguing that Shrinivasa was a contemporary, or just after Sankaracarya (early 8th century). Hence statement 1 is incorrect.
Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi was a prominent Islamic scholar and sufi of the 16th century. Kabir, on the other hand, was a 15th-century poet-saint who is considered a Bhakti movement figure. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
Q.84) Which of the following statements about Lachit Borphukan is/are correct? (NDA 2023)
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c ) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 1 and 3 only
Answer: c
Explanation:
Lachit was a brilliant military commander who knew the terrain of the Brahmaputra valley and the surrounding hills like the back of his hand. He was chosen as one of the five Borphukans of the Ahom kingdom by king Charadhwaj Singha, and given administrative, judicial, and military responsibilities. Hence statement 1 is correct.
Unlike the Mughals who preferred battles in the open with their massive armies, Borphukan preferred guerrilla tactics which provided an edge to his smaller, but fast moving and capable forces.
Much like Shivaji’s encounters with the Mughals in Marathwada, Lachit inflicted damage on the large Mughal camps and static positions. His raids would kill unsuspecting Mughal soldiers and frustrate the mighty armies that were too ponderous to respond swiftly.
Lachit Borphukan died a year after the Battle of Saraighat from a long festering illness. In fact he was very ill during the Battle of Saraighat, as he heroically led his troops to victory. This only added to his legend. Hence statement 2 is correct.
The Lachit Borphukan gold medal is awarded to the best cadet from the National Defence Academy. It was instituted in 1999 to inspire defence personnel to emulate Borphukan's heroism and sacrifices. Hence statement 3 is correct.
Q.85) Who among the following created the first All India Trade Union Congress in 1920? (CDS 2020)
(a) B. P. Wadia
(b) S. A. Dange
(c) N. M. Joshi
(d) B. T. Ranadive
Answer: c
Explanation:
The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) is the oldest trade union federation in India, founded on 31 October 1920 in Bombay (Mumbai). Among its founders were renowned nationalist leader Lala Lajpat Rai, ( 1865-1928) who became the first President of AITUC, Joseph Baptista (1864-1930), N.M. Joshi (1879-1955) and Diwan Chaman Lall (1892-1973). Formation of the AITUC led to it being the designated the official representative of the Indian Workers at the International Labour Organisation (ILO) from 1921 onwards.
The first trade unions had come into being from late nineteenth century in India in jute mills, railways, cotton textiles.
Bombay (now Mumbai) a textile manufacturing hub had its first trade union in the shape of Bombay Millhands Association headed by Narayan Meghaji Lokhande (1848-1897).
Hence option c is correct.
Q.86) With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements: (CSE 2017)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: b
Explanation:
Sautrantika and Sammitiya were the sects of Buddhism: The word sautrantika comes from ‘sutranta’ (scripture). They base themselves on ‘Sukta pitaka’ of the canon. This group came up against the naive realism and pluralism of Vaibhasikas. Main teachers of this school are Kumaralat, a contemporary of Nagarjuna. Sautrantika developed logic and defended itself against both Buddhistic and non-Buddhistic criticisms. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.
The word Vaibhasika has come from the main text Mahavibhasasastra, which was compiled around 2nd century C.E; its main object was to expose Abhidharma philosophy. Another classical text of this school is Vasabandhu’s (420-500 C.E.) Abhidharma-kosa. Actually Vaibhasika is the later form of Sarvastivada. Sarvastivadin was a Buddhist sect that held that the constituents of phenomena were not wholly momentary, but existed forever in a latent form. Hence statement 2 is correct.
Q.87) With reference to the Swadeshi Movement, consider the following statements: (CSE 2019)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: c
Explanation:
The Swadeshi Movement, now known as 'Make in India' campaign was officially proclaimed on August 7, 1905 at the Calcutta Town Hall, in Bengal. Boycott movement was also launched along with the Swadeshi movement. The movements included using goods produced in India and burning British-made goods.. Bal Gandadhar Tilak encouraged Swadeshi and Boycott movement after the British government decided the partition of Bengal.
Swadeshi Movement focused on self-reliance thus contributing to revival of indigenous artisans craft and industries. In August 1906 the National Council of Education was established to provide an impetus to program of national education.
The National Council of Education - Bengal (or NCE - Bengal) was an organisation founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee and other Indian nationalists in Bengal in 1906 to promote science and technology as part of a swadeshi industrialisation movement.
Hence both statements are correct.
Q.88) Who among the following gave evidence before the Joint Select Committee on the Government of India Bill,1919 in favour of female franchise? (CDS 2020)
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1, 2 and 3
(c ) 1 only
(d) 1 and 3 only
Answer: b
Explanation:
In the 1934 session, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, in a resolution, acknowledged the fact that the Joint Select Committee had granted greater franchise to women and a definite place for them in the new constitution but also regretted the fact that it ignored many of their demands.
Sarojini Naidu, Annie Besant, Hirabai Tata, Mithan Tata went to London in the year 1919 to give evidence before the Joint Parliamentary Committee on the Government of India Bill and received warm support from the British Women's organizations like the Women's Freedom League and the Women's International League. Hence all the statements are correct.
The new constitution framed in 1950 ultimately fulfilled their dreams of universal adult franchise and Indian women finally got what they had been asking for since 1917. The democratic constitution of India gives equitable political participation to all citizens irrespective of caste, class, color, race, gender or religious preferences.
Q.89) Which one of the following statements about Rabatak inscription is not correct? (NDA 2023)
(a) It throws important light on Kushana genealogy.
(b) It refers to Kanishka as 'a king of kings and a son of God'.
(c) The 23-line inscription is written in Gandhari language.
(d) It mentions names of States which were part of Kanishka's empire.
Answer: c
Explanation:
Rabatak is site of an inscription written on a rock in the Bactrian language and the Greek script, which was found in 1993 at the site of Rabatak, near Surkh Kotal in Afghanistan. The inscription relates to the rule of the Kushan emperor Kanishka, and gives remarkable clues on the genealogy of the Kushan dynasty. Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct.
The Rabatak inscription is significant in suggesting the actual extent of Kushan rule under Kanishka, which would go significantly beyond traditionally held boundaries.The Rabatak inscription includes 23 lines in Bactrian language and a Greco-Bactrian script. Hence statement 3 is incorrect.
The Bactrian language is one of the Eastern Middle Iranian Languages. It was spoken by the people of northern part of Afghanistan. It is noteworthy that Bactrian is the only Middle Iranian language whose writing system is based on the Greek alphabet, a fact ultimately attributable to Alexander’s conquest of Bactria and to maintenance of Greek rule for some 200 years after his death (323B.C.). In spite of the invasion of Bacteria by Alexander of Macedonia and his successors the Bactrian language continued to be in use.
The inscription also names the cities which were under the rule of Kanishka (lines 4-7). It is significant in implying the actual extent of Kushan rule under Kanishka. The inscription will therefore lead to a fundamental reassessment of our understanding of the Kushan kings who ruled an ancient empire centered on the territory now known as Afghanistan and Pakistan. Hence statement 4 is correct.
Q.90) With reference to Chausath Yogini Temple situated near Morena, consider the following statements : (CSE 2021)
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c ) 1, 2 and 4
(d) 1 and 4 only
Answer: d
Explanation:
Chausath Yogini temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to 64 Yoginis means different forms of Mother Goddess. This temple in Khajuraho is the oldest one and most of the sculptures are ruined. The temple structure is like a courtyard surrounded with numerous temples and these temples houses the Yoginis.
According to an inscription dated to 1323 CE (Vikram Samvat 1383), the temple was built by the Kachchhapaghata king Devapala (r. c. 1055 – 1075). It is said that the temple was the venue of providing education in astrology and mathematics based on the transit of the Sun. Hence statement 1 is correct.
This circular temple is one among the very few such temples in India. It is not the only circular temple built in India. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
It is, also known as Ekattarso Mahadeva Temple because of the presence of multitude of shivalingas inside its cells. So it promote Shaivite cult in the region not vaishnavite culture. Hence statement 3 is incorrect
Many of these curious visitors have compared this temple with the Indian parliament building (Sansad Bhawan) as both are circular in style. So, many have drawn conclusions that this temple was the inspiration behind the Parliament building. Hence statement 4 is correct.
Q.91) Consider the following statements about Sufism in India: (NDA 2017)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: c
Explanation:
Sufism was an important religious force in India during the medieval period. It is a form of Islamic mysticism. Sufism was a revolt against orthodox Islam. The Islamic stress on equality was respected by the Sufis far more than by the Ulemas. They sincerely believed that there are many paths to reach God.
Ziyarat and qawwali Pilgrimage, called ziyarat, to tombs of Sufi saints is prevalent all over the Muslim world. This practice is an occasion for seeking the Sufi’s spiritual grace (barakat). Hence statement 1 is correct.
Of the groups of sufis who migrated to India in the late twelfth century, the Chishtis were the most influential. This was because they adapted successfully to the local environment and adopted several features of Indian devotional traditions. Hence statement 2 is correct.
Q.92) Who among the following Mughal Emperors shifted emphasis from illustrated manuscripts to album and individual portait? (CSE 2019)
(a) Humayun
(b) Akbar
(c) Jahangir
(d) Shah Jahan
Answer: c
Explanation:
Mughal architecture is a blend of Indian, Persian, and Islamic architectural styles that were prevalent during the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent from the 16th to the 19th century. Mughal architecture is characterized by its grandeur, symmetry, and intricate details.
Jahangir, the fourth Mughal emperor, did not commission many important buildings during his reign. However, he did commission the construction of his own tomb, which is located in Lahore, Pakistan. The tomb is built in the Mughal style, and it features a central dome and four minarets.
Jahangir shifted emphasis from illustrated manuscripts to album and individual portrait during his reign as the Mughal Emperor. This had a significant impact on Mughal art and helped to develop a new style of portraiture and popularize the use of albums.
Hence option c is correct.
Q.93) Who among the following was NOT associated with the Kakori Conspiracy Case? (CAPF 2019)
(a) Ramprasad Bismil
(b) Rajendra Lahiri
(c ) Ashfaqulla Khan
(d) Surya Sen
Answer: d
Explanation:
The train robbery at Kakori was the HRA’s first major action, in August 1925. The Number 8 Down Train ran between Shahjahanpur and Lucknow. On a fateful day, it carried treasury bags meant to be deposited in the British treasury in Lucknow.
The revolutionaries planned to rob this money, which they believed legitimately belonged to Indians anyway. Their objective was both to fund the HRA and garner public attention for their work and mission.
On August 9, 1925, as the train was passing the Kakori station, about 15 km from Lucknow, Rajendranath Lahiri, a member of the HRA who was already seated inside, pulled the chain and stopped the train.
Subsequently, around ten revolutionaries, including Ram Prasad Bismil and Ashfaqullah Khan, entered the train and overpowered the guard. They looted the treasury bags (containing approx Rs 4,600) and escaped to Lucknow.
Due to a misfiring Mauser gun, one passenger (a lawyer named Ahmad Ali) was killed during the robbery, harming the revolutionaries’ intentions to elicit a positive public reaction.
Prominent revolutionaries of the Indian independence movement were hanged on December 17 (Rajendranath Lahiri) and December 19 (Ashfaqullah Khan, Ram Prasad Bismil, Thakur Roshan Singh) in 1927, two years after the Kakori Train Robbery.
Q.94) With reference to medieval India, which one of the following is the correct sequence in ascending order in terms of size? (CSE 2021)
(a) Paragana - Sarkar - suba
(b) Sarkar - Paragana - Suba
(c) Suba - Sarkar - Paragana
(d) Paragana - Suba - Sarkar
Answer: a
Explanation:
The correct sequence is: Paragana - Sarkar - suba
Parganas: Each Sarkar was divided into smaller units called Parganas. There was a Shiqdar (military officer), Amin or Munsif (Civilian Judge), one Fotahdar (treasurer) and two Karkuns (clerks or writers) in each Pargana.
Sarkars: Every Iqta or Suba was divided into several Sarkars or districts. There were two chief officers in every Sarkar. The one, Shiqdar-i-Shiqdaran or chief Shiqdar was a military officer. He maintained peace in his Sarkar, supervised the work of his subordinate Shiqdars and helped in the collection of revenue and other taxes.
Suba or Iqta: Very little is known about the provincial administration of Sher Shah and whatever is known, historians have differed about it. Dr Qanungo has opined that ‘there was no administrative unit called Iqta or Suba during the reign of Sher Shah. The largest administrative unit was the Sarkar.’
Q.95) Consider the following statements: (CDS 2019)
Statement I: The United Provinces during Non-Cooperation became one of the strongest bases of Congress.
Statement II: The literary outcrop of Non-Cooperation in Bengal was quite meager compared to the days of the Swadeshi agitation.
Answer: b
Explanation:
The Non-Cooperation Resolution remains a significant document in the history of India’s struggle for independence. It marks the beginning of a new phase of anti-colonial mass movements in India, which culminated in national liberation. The resolution of the Non-Cooperation movement which came up at the special Calcutta Congress was considered at the annual session of the Congress held at Nagpur in December 1920 under the presidency of the veteran Congress leader Mr.Vijayraghavachariar, and completely changed the cult of the entire national struggle.
The Rowlatt Bills, the Punjab wrongs, the announcement of the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms had crushed all promises made by the British Government during the war and shattered the hopes of Indians in general and political leaders in particular.
According to Sumit Sarkar, the literary outcrop of Non-Cooperation in Bengal was quite a merger as compared to the days of the Swadeshi agitation. Hence, statement II is correct.
The Nationalists in the 1920s and '30s had to make do very often with the old Swadeshi songs. But all this pales into relative insignificance when set beside the unique communal unity (particularly important for Bengal.
In Bengal, Hindus and Muslims were more or less evenly matched in numbers), the effective political leadership provided by C.R. Das and his three young lieutenants (Birendranath Sasmal in Midnapur, J.M. Sengupta in Chittagong, and Subhas Bose in Calcutta).
Hence both the statement are individually true but Statement II is NOT the correct explanation of Statement I.
Q.96) Which of the following represents the main phases of the Quit India Movement? (CAPF 2015)
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c ) 1, 2 and 4
(d) 1 and 4 only
Answer: c
Explanation:
First phase: The first phase or the inception of the movement had no violence. It began with civil disobedience, boycotts, strikes that the British Government quickly suppressed. Almost all members of the Congress Committee, including Gandhiji, were arrested and kept in Jail till 1945 without any trial.
Second phase: In its second phase, the movement shifted to the countryside. The second phase of the movement took a violent and aggressive turn. Any building or offices which were the symbol of the colonial authority was attacked and distracted. Communication systems, railway stations & tracks, telegraph poles and wires were also targeted.
Third and last phase: It was also called the Karnataka Method. In the last phase of the movement, there was the formation of many independent national or parallel governments in the isolated pockets of the country, such as Ballia, Satara, Tamluk, etc.
Hence option 1,2 and 4 are correct.
Q .97) The work siyar-ul-mutakherin, which describes the Battle of Plassey, 1757, was written by - (CDS 2020)
(a) Salabat Jung
(b) Qasim Khan
(c) Ghulam Husain
(d) Ram Mohan Roy
Answer: c
Explanation:
Siyar-ul-Mutakhkherin a voluminous historical work by Sayyid Ghulam Husain Tabatabai. He produced the work during the days of the fall of Muslim rule in Bengal (and also in India).
Born in Delhi in 1140 AH/ 1727-28 AD in an aristocratic Muslim family, the author was well connected with the ruling elite of the time and completed his work in 1781 AD, ie almost a quarter of a century after the battle of palashi (1757 AD). The family migrated to Murshidabad in 1732, and thence to Azimabad (Patna) with alivardi khan in 1733 AD.
The Siyar-ul-Mutakhkherin is in three volumes. Volume I gives an account of the geography, climate, animals, forts, saints and Ulama of Hindustan, and briefly surveys its history from the epic age to the reign of aurangzeb.
Hence option c is correct.
Q.98) With reference to ancient India, consider the following statements : (CSE 2023)
How many of the statements given above are correct?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) All three
(d) None
Answer: b
Explanation:
The origin of the stupa is pre-Buddhism. Stupas are mound-like structures that contain relics of holy or saintly persons. They were initially used as tombs for śramaṇas, ascetics who practised meditation and renunciation. Later, they became shrines for the Buddha and his associates, as well as places of worship and meditation for Buddhists. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.
A stupa is a type of Buddhist monument that originated in ancient India and spread to other parts of Asia. The main purpose of a stupa was to serve as a repository of relics, such as the bodily remains or personal objects of the Buddha or his disciples. By venerating these relics, the devotees hoped to gain merit and spiritual benefits. Hence statement 2 is correct.
A stupa is a type of monument that originated in ancient India and spread to other parts of Asia as part of the Buddhist tradition. It is usually a dome-shaped structure that contains relics of the Buddha or other revered figures and serves as a place of worship and meditation. Stupas are often built to commemorate significant events or teachings in the history of Buddhism, such as the enlightenment, death, or birth of the Buddha. Hence statement 3 is correct.
Q.99) Consider the following: (CSE 2022)
Which of the above is/are the feature/features of Mahayana Buddhism?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c ) 1 only
(d) 1,2 and 3
Answer: d
Explanation:
Mahayana Buddhism gives us positive ideas of the ultimate issues of life. The Mahayana, or Great Vessel, offers to all beings salvation, by faith and love as well as by knowledge, while the Hinayana only seeks those few strong souls who require no external aid nor the consolation of worship.
The elements that provide Mahayana Buddhism with a distinct and coherent face are the monastic institution, the behavior of monks and nuns, and the ethics adopted by the laity, as well as some of its beliefs.
The Mahayana followers believe in idol or image worship of Buddha.
Mahāyāna also includes numerous Buddhas and bodhisattvas that are not found in Theravada (such as Amitābha and Vairocana).
The latter include the belief that, besides the historical Buddha, innumerable transcendental Buddhas and bodhisattvas (enlightened beings on the way to Buddhahood) act as guides and teachers on the path to enlightenment; that the worship of these bodhisattvas and Buddhas is important to the practice of the Mahayana; that the ideal of the bodhisattva who delays the realization of nirvana until all sentient beings can join him or her replaces the ideal of the arhat; that the path to enlightenment extends over many lifetimes; and, finally, that the "word of the Buddha," as Buddhist scripture is defined, is not restricted to the utterances of the historical Buddha but flows from a numinous source called Buddha-mind.
Hence statements 1, 2 and 3 are correct.
Q.100) Consider the following statements : (CSE 2021)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c ) 1 only
(d) 1 and 3 only
Answer: c
Explanation:
The Mongol threat was also averted by Iltutmish's tact and diplomacy. The Mongols came in hot pursuit of Jalaluddin Mankbarani, the Crown Prince of Khwarazm, who sought refuge in India. This placed Iltutmish on the horns of a dilemma.
To help Jalaluddin Mankbarani meant to incur the wrath of Chengiz Khan. And this would have been suicidal for the infant Turkish Empire. To refuse aid bluntly to a fugitive, who had become a hero in the Islamic world, would have alienated the Muslim sentiments.
But Iltutmish keeping in view alone the interest of the Turkish Empire followed dilatory tactics which discouraged Jalaluddin Mankbarani who left India in 1224 CE. Close on his heels departed the Mongols who had no immediate design for the conquest of India. It is also to be noted that Chengiz Khan died in 1227. Thus, Iltutmish saved his kingdom from the Mongol invasion and also from the ill effects of the politics of Central Asia. Hence statement 1 is correct.
The period of Mahmud bin Tughlaq was 1325 to 1351. During the reign of Nasurud-din Muhammad Shah(1394-1412), the last Tughlaq ruler, Taimur invaded India in 1398.During the reign of Nasiruddin Mahmud in 1398, Amir Timur the Chagtai ruler invaded India. Being limp with one leg, he was named ‘Timur Lung’. Fearing the invasion of Timur, both Sultans fled the capital. After staying in Delhi for 15 days, Timur went back and appointed Khizr Khan as the Governor of his conquered territories. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
Devaraya –II reign was from 1422 to 1446. Vasco Da Gama came to India in 1498. Hence statement 3 is incorrect.
© 2025 iasgyan. All right reserved
