Santhal Hul of 1855

Disclaimer: Copyright infringement not intended.

Context

• In the annals of Indian resistance against British colonial rule, the Santhal Hul of 1855 holds a significant place.
• Originating in the Santhal Parganas of present-day Jharkhand, this revolt marked one of the earliest and most formidable uprisings by indigenous tribes against imperial oppression.

Overview of the Revolt

• Leadership: Led by four brothers - Sidho, Kanho, Chand, and Bhairav Murmu, and two sisters - Phulo and Jhano.
• Purpose: Resistance against British colonial oppression and upper caste dominance, collectively termed as 'diku'.

Genesis of the Uprising

• Establishment of Santhal Pargana: In 1832, designated areas known as 'Santhal Pargana' or 'Damin-i-Koh' were allocated to displaced Santhal tribes from various regions.
• Promises vs Reality: Santhals faced land-grabbing and bonded labor practices (kamioti and harwahi) instead of promised settlement and agricultural opportunities.

Course of the Revolt

• Guerrilla Warfare: Initiated by the Murmu brothers under the guidance of Santhal God Thakur Bonga, engaging nearly 60,000 Santhals.
• Duration and Impact: Lasted for about six months until January 1856, resulting in significant casualties among Santhals and destruction of villages.

Legacy and Impact

• British Response: Brutal suppression leading to the execution of leaders like Sidho and Kanho, marking the end of the revolt.
• Historical Impact: Despite its suppression, Santhal Hul catalyzed legislative reforms safeguarding Adivasi land rights.

Legislative Reforms Post-Hul

• Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act (SPT Act) of 1876:
• Prohibited transfer of Adivasi lands to non-Adivasis.
• Ensured inheritance rights aligned with traditional self-governance practices.
• Chhotanagpur Tenancy Act (CNT Act) of 1908:
• Permitted land transfers within specified caste and geographical limits with administrative approval.
• Safeguarded Adivasi and Dalit lands from unrestricted sale, reinforcing community-based land governance.

Conclusion

• The Santhal Hul of 1855 remains a seminal event in Indian history, symbolizing Adivasi resistance against colonial and socio-economic exploitation.
• Its enduring impact is reflected in legislative protections that continue to uphold Adivasi land rights in modern-day India.

SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS